{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T17:37:08Z","timestamp":1769276228880,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ophthalmological Network OFTARED","award":["RD16\/0008\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0005"]}]},{"name":"Ophthalmological Network OFTARED","award":["RED2018-102499-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2018-102499-T"]}]},{"name":"Ophthalmological Network OFTARED","award":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Institute of Health of Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; the Research Network RETIBRAIN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0008\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Institute of Health of Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; the Research Network RETIBRAIN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RED2018-102499-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2018-102499-T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Institute of Health of Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; the Research Network RETIBRAIN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["RD16\/0008\/0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0005"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["RED2018-102499-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2018-102499-T"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2015-68793-C3-1-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Having a family history (FH+) of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and being a carrier of at least one \u025b4 allele of the ApoE gene are two of the main risk factors for the development of AD. AD and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) share one of the main risk factors, such as age, and characteristics including the presence of deposits (A\u03b2 plaques in AD and drusen in AMD); however, the role of apolipoprotein E isoforms in both pathologies is controversial. We analyzed and characterized retinal drusen by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in subjects, classifying them by their AD FH (FH- or FH+) and their allelic characterization of ApoE \u025b4 (ApoE \u025b4- or ApoE \u025b4+) and considering cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus). In addition, we analyzed the choroidal thickness by OCT and the area of the foveal avascular zone with OCTA. We did not find a relationship between a family history of AD or any of the ApoE isoforms and the presence or absence of drusen. Subjects with drusen show choroidal thinning compared to patients without drusen, and thinning could trigger changes in choroidal perfusion that may give rise to the deposits that generate drusen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T03:16:55Z","timestamp":1653362215000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of Retinal Drusen in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Exploratory Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cuenca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Salobrar-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Gil-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Puebla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Elvira-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Albarral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Tora\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, 28233 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaisalmer","family":"de Frutos-Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, 28233 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, Antonio de Nebrija University, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1581-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"de Hoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramon Castroviejo Institute of Ophthalmologic Research, Group UCM 920105, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Understanding the Genetic, Molecular, and Cellular Basis of Ageing as the Biggest Risk Factor of Alzheimer\u2019 s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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