{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:27:20Z","timestamp":1792805240087,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Sonderforschungsbereich","award":["SFB 1039\/Z01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1039\/Z01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD)","award":["SFB 1039\/Z01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1039\/Z01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and psoriasis (Ps), represent autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders, as well as conditions that have an overlap of both categories. Understanding the underlying pathogeneses, making diagnoses, and choosing individualized treatments remain challenging due to heterogeneous disease phenotypes and the lack of reliable biomarkers that drive the treatment choice. In this review, we provide an overview of the low-molecular-weight metabolites that might be employed as biomarkers for various applications, e.g., early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and treatment-response prediction, in RA, PsA, and Ps. The literature was evaluated, and putative biomarkers in different matrices were identified, categorized, and summarized. While some of these candidate biomarkers appeared to be disease-specific, others were shared across multiple IMIDs, indicating common underlying disease mechanisms. However, there is still a long way to go for their application in a routine clinical setting. We propose that studies integrating omics analyses of large patient cohorts from different IMIDs should be performed to further elucidate their pathomechanisms and treatment options. This could lead to the identification and validation of biomarkers that might be applied in the context of precision medicine to improve the clinical outcomes of these IMID patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Metabolic Profiling in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Psoriasis: Elucidating Pathogenesis, Improving Diagnosis, and Monitoring Disease Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Dorochow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmazentrum Frankfurt\/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"K\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Hahnefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmazentrum Frankfurt\/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8218-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gurke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmazentrum Frankfurt\/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01525","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune\/Inflammatory Disease","volume":"10","author":"Surace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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