{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:40:17Z","timestamp":1787236817136,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG)-University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The etiologies of AILD are not well understood but appear to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. AILDs commonly affect young individuals and are characterized by a highly variable clinical course. These diseases significantly influence quality of life and can progress toward liver decompensation or the onset of hepatocellular or cholangiocarcinoma; a significant number of patients eventually progress to end-stage liver disease, requiring liver transplantation. In this review, we focus on the sex characteristics and peculiarities of AILD patients and highlight the relevance of a sex-specific analysis in future studies. Understanding the sex differences underlying AILD immune dysregulation may be critical for developing more effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Gender and Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Relevant Aspects in Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease, Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease, Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Transplant Center\/National Institute of Health, 00162 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Cossiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Gambato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multivisceral Transplant Unit-Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit for the Treatment of Severe Organ Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Morisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Burra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multivisceral Transplant Unit-Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarosa","family":"Floreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.053","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"139","author":"Czaja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.021004225.x","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmune liver disease: Virtuous intentions, malign consequences","volume":"21","author":"Bogdanos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31583-2","article-title":"Does HLA-DR7 differentiate the overlap syndrome of auto-immune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis (AIH-PBC) from those with auto-immune hepatitis type 1?","volume":"10","author":"Granados","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. 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