{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:15Z","timestamp":1787028735227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2022R1G1A101022611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2022R1G1A101022611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semantic segmentation for diagnosing chest-related diseases like cardiomegaly, emphysema, pleural effusions, and pneumothorax is a critical yet understudied tool for identifying the chest anatomy. A dangerous disease among these is cardiomegaly, in which sudden death is a high risk. An expert medical practitioner can diagnose cardiomegaly early using a chest radiograph (CXR). Cardiomegaly is a heart enlargement disease that can be analyzed by calculating the transverse cardiac diameter (TCD) and the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR). However, the manual estimation of CTR and other chest-related diseases requires much time from medical experts. Based on their anatomical semantics, artificial intelligence estimates cardiomegaly and related diseases by segmenting CXRs. Unfortunately, due to poor-quality images and variations in intensity, the automatic segmentation of the lungs and heart with CXRs is challenging. Deep learning-based methods are being used to identify the chest anatomy segmentation, but most of them only consider the lung segmentation, requiring a great deal of training. This work is based on a multiclass concatenation-based automatic semantic segmentation network, CardioNet, that was explicitly designed to perform fine segmentation using fewer parameters than a conventional deep learning scheme. Furthermore, the semantic segmentation of other chest-related diseases is diagnosed using CardioNet. CardioNet is evaluated using the JSRT dataset (Japanese Society of Radiological Technology). The JSRT dataset is publicly available and contains multiclass segmentation of the heart, lungs, and clavicle bones. In addition, our study examined lung segmentation using another publicly available dataset, Montgomery County (MC). The experimental results of the proposed CardioNet model achieved acceptable accuracy and competitive results across all datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T11:45:44Z","timestamp":1655466344000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["CardioNet: Automatic Semantic Segmentation to Calculate the Cardiothoracic Ratio for Cardiomegaly and Other Chest Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0639-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Jafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 03674, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Talha","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary and Secondary Healthcare, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary and Secondary Healthcare, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umer","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, AItheNutrigene, Seoul 06132, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7473-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizwan Ali","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Unmanned Vehicle Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2806086","article-title":"Fully Convolutional Architectures for Multi-Class Segmentation in Chest Radiographs","volume":"37","author":"Novikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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