{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1792144878697,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NIAAA","award":["P50 AA022538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA022538"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIAAA","award":["UO1AA019971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1AA019971"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIAAA","award":["RO1AA010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA010005"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIAAA","award":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"]}]},{"name":"senior research career scientist award","award":["P50 AA022538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA022538"]}]},{"name":"senior research career scientist award","award":["UO1AA019971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1AA019971"]}]},{"name":"senior research career scientist award","award":["RO1AA010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA010005"]}]},{"name":"senior research career scientist award","award":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"]}]},{"name":"NIH HHS\/United States","award":["P50 AA022538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA022538"]}]},{"name":"NIH HHS\/United States","award":["UO1AA019971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1AA019971"]}]},{"name":"NIH HHS\/United States","award":["RO1AA010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA010005"]}]},{"name":"NIH HHS\/United States","award":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41 MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive alcohol intake, e.g., binge drinking, is a serious and mounting public health problem in the United States and throughout the world. Hence the need for novel insights into the underlying neurobiology that may help improve prevention and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, our group employed a darkness-induced alcohol intake protocol to define the reward deficiency domains of alcohol and other substance use disorders in terms of reward pathways\u2019 reduced dopamine signaling and its restoration via specifically-designed therapeutic compounds. It has been determined that KCNK13 and RASGRF2 genes, respectively, code for potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 13 and Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2, and both genes have important dopamine-related functions pertaining to alcohol binge drinking. We present a hypothesis that identification of KCNK13 and RASGRF2 genes\u2019 risk polymorphism, coupled with genetic addiction risk score (GARS)-guided precision pro-dopamine regulation, will mitigate binge alcohol drinking. Accordingly, we review published reports on the benefits of this unique approach and provide data on favorable outcomes for both binge-drinking animals and drunk drivers, including reductions in alcohol intake and prevention of relapse to drinking behavior. Since driving under the influence of alcohol often leads to incarceration rather than rehabilitation, there is converging evidence to support the utilization of GARS with or without KCNK13 and RASGRF2 risk polymorphism in the legal arena, whereby the argument that \u201cdeterminism\u201d overrides the \u201cfree will\u201d account may be a plausible defense strategy. Obviously, this type of research is tantamount to helping resolve a major problem related to polydrug abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12061009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1655786395000},"page":"1009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Researching Mitigation of Alcohol Binge Drinking in Polydrug Abuse: KCNK13 and RASGRF2 Gene(s) Risk Polymorphisms Coupled with Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Guiding Precision Pro-Dopamine Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA"},{"name":"Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary 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