{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:42:18Z","timestamp":1788248538129,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the KU Leuven Research Fund","award":["11A1120N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11A1120N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11A1120N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11A1120N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endometrium, lining the uterine lumen, is highly essential for human reproduction. Its exceptional remodeling plasticity, including the transformation process to welcome and nest the embryo, is not well understood. Lack of representative and reliable study models allowing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying endometrium development and biology to be deciphered is an important hurdle to progress in the field. Recently, powerful organoid models have been developed that not only recapitulate endometrial biology such as the menstrual cycle, but also faithfully reproduce diseases of the endometrium such as endometriosis. Moreover, single-cell profiling endeavors of the endometrium in health and disease, and of derived organoids, start to provide deeper insight into cellular complexity and expression specificities, and in resulting tissue processes. This granular portrayal will not only help in understanding endometrium biology and disease, but also in pinning down the tissue\u2019s stem cells, at present not yet conclusively defined. Here, we provide a general overview of endometrium development and biology, and the efforts of modeling both the healthy tissue, as well as its key diseased form of endometriosis. The future of modeling and deciphering this key tissue, hidden inside the womb, looks bright.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Modeling Endometrium Biology and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5523-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Maenhoudt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Stem Cell Research, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3405-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"De Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Stem Cell Research, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Vankelecom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Stem Cell Research, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.148478","article-title":"Development of Organoids from Mouse and Human Endometrium Showing Endometrial Epithelium Physiology and Long-Term Expandability","volume":"144","author":"Boretto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3516","article-title":"Long-Term, Hormone-Responsive Organoid Cultures of Human Endometrium in a Chemically Defined Medium","volume":"19","author":"Turco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0360-z","article-title":"Patient-Derived Organoids from Endometrial Disease Capture Clinical Heterogeneity and Are Amenable to Drug Screening","volume":"21","author":"Boretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1225","article-title":"Developmental Genetics of the Female Reproductive Tract in Mammals","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.310","article-title":"The Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics of M\u00fcllerian Duct Development","volume":"7","author":"Roly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.12.4057","article-title":"Pax-2 Controls Multiple Steps of Urogenital Development","volume":"121","author":"Torres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00951","article-title":"Requirement of Lim1 for Female Reproductive Tract Development","volume":"131","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.9.1653","article-title":"Defects of Urogenital Development in Mice Lacking Emx2","volume":"124","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.10.2749","article-title":"Function of the Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs) during Development","volume":"120","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02830","article-title":"Abnormal Development of Urogenital Organs in Dlgh1-Deficient Mice","volume":"134","author":"Ishidao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/17068","article-title":"Female Development in Mammals Is Regulated by Wnt-4 Signalling","volume":"397","author":"Vainio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.05.016","article-title":"Wnt9b Plays a Central Role in the Regulation of Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transitions Underlying Organogenesis of the Mammalian Urogenital System","volume":"9","author":"Carroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des206","article-title":"Frame Shift Mutation of LHX1 Is Associated with Mayer-Rokitansky- K\u00fcster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Ledig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-125","article-title":"TBX6, LHX1 and Copy Number Variations in the Complex Genetics of M\u00fcllerian Aplasia","volume":"8","author":"Sandbacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040533","article-title":"A WNT4 Mutation Associated with M\u00fcllerian-Duct Regression and Virilization in a 46,XX Woman","volume":"351","author":"Konrad","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del360","article-title":"WNT4 Deficiency-a Clinical Phenotype Distinct from the Classic Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Konrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Li, Y., Wang, M., Li, H., Su, T., Li, Y., and Wang, S. (2015). Associations of Polymorphisms in WNT9B and PBX1 with Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser Syndrome in Chinese Han. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130202"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.16.3201","article-title":"Wnt-7a Maintains Appropriate Uterine Patterning during the Development of the Mouse Female Reproductive Tract","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/27221","article-title":"Sexually Dimorphic Development of the Mammalian Reproductive Tract Requires Wnt-7a","volume":"395","author":"Parr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.9.2687","article-title":"Mechanisms of Reduced Fertility in Hoxa-10 Mutant Mice: Uterine Homeosis and Loss of Maternal Hoxa-10 Expression","volume":"122","author":"Benson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der290","article-title":"A Novel Mutation of HOXA10 in a Chinese Woman with a Mllerian Duct Anomaly","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.01.030","article-title":"HOXA10 and HOXA13 Sequence Variations in Human Female Genital Malformations Including Congenital Absence of the Uterus and Vagina","volume":"518","author":"Ekici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.5.1097","article-title":"Abnormal Uterine Stromal and Glandular Function Associated with Maternal Reproductive Defects in Hoxa-11 Null Mice","volume":"56","author":"Gendron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.23.4781","article-title":"Gene Dosage-Dependent Effects of the Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 Mutations on Morphogenesis of the Terminal Parts of the Digestive and Urogenital Tracts","volume":"124","author":"Warot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0297-179","article-title":"Mutation of HOXA 13 in Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Mortlock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03982.x","article-title":"Roles of P63 in Differentiation of M\u00fcllerian Duct Epithelial Cells","volume":"948","author":"Kurita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew259","article-title":"Novel Mutations in the TP63 Gene Are Potentially Associated with M\u00f6llerian Duct Anomalies","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.11.2001","article-title":"A Novel Syndrome of Diabetes Mellitus, Renal Dysfunction and Genital Malformation Associated with a Partial Deletion of the Pseudo-POU Domain of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1\u03b2","volume":"8","author":"Lindner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-175349","article-title":"WNT4 Is a Key Regulator of Normal Postnatal Uterine Development and Progesterone Signaling during Embryo Implantation and Decidualization in the Mouse","volume":"25","author":"Franco","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01090","article-title":"Wnt5a Is Required for Proper Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions in the Uterus","volume":"131","author":"Mericskay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.363","article-title":"\u0392-Catenin Mediates Glandular Formation and Dysregulation of \u0392-Catenin Induces Hyperplasia Formation in the Murine Uterus","volume":"28","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1126","article-title":"CTNNB1 in Mesenchyme Regulates Epithelial Cell Differentiation during M\u00fcllerian Duct and Postnatal Uterine Development","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelton, D.N., Fornalik, H., Neff, T., Park, S.Y., Bender, D., DeGeest, K., Liu, X., Xie, W., Meyerholz, D.K., and Engelhardt, J.F. (2012). The Role of LEF1 in Endometrial Gland Formation and Carcinogenesis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040312"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.029181","article-title":"Disruption of the TIMP-1 Gene Product Is Associated with Accelerated Endometrial Gland Formation during Early Postnatal Uterine Development","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.031559","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in the Developing Neonatal Mouse Uterus","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"903","article-title":"Effects of an Igf1 Gene Null Mutation on Mouse Reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618433114","article-title":"Forkhead Box A2 (FOXA2) Is Essential for Uterine Function and Fertility","volume":"114","author":"Kelleher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv061","article-title":"Role of Foxl2 in Uterine Maturation and Function","volume":"24","author":"Bellessort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv452","article-title":"Dlx5 and Dlx6 Control Uterine Adenogenesis during Post-Natal Maturation: Possible Consequences for Endometriosis","volume":"25","author":"Bellessort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11162","article-title":"Alteration of Reproductive Function but Not Prenatal Sexual Development after Insertional Disruption of the Mouse Estrogen Receptor Gene","volume":"90","author":"Lubahn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.125724","article-title":"Neonatal Uterine and Vaginal Cell Proliferation and Adenogenesis Are Independent of Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) in the Mouse","volume":"92","author":"Nanjappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.6.1338","article-title":"A Conserved Hox Axis in the Mouse and Human Female Reproductive System: Late Establishment and Persistent Adult Expression of the Hoxa Cluster Genes","volume":"57","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.5.1311","article-title":"Developmental Biology of Uterine Glands","volume":"65","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000364935","article-title":"Molecular Genetics of M\u00fcllerian Duct Formation, Regression and Differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Mullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMellen, A., Woodruff, E.R., Corr, B.R., Bitler, B.G., and Moroney, M.R. (2020). Wnt Signaling in Gynecologic Malignancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124272"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0021","article-title":"Endocrine Regulation of Menstruation","volume":"27","author":"Jabbour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.011","article-title":"Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"50","author":"Cousins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep036","article-title":"A Re-Appraisal of the Morphological Changes within the Endometrium during Menstruation: A Hysteroscopic, Histological and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study","volume":"24","author":"Garry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1429.018","article-title":"Menstrual Cycle: Basic Biology","volume":"1135","author":"Hawkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml045","article-title":"Uterine Stem Cells: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Gargett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy028","article-title":"Uterine Stem Cells: From Basic Research to Advanced Cell Therapies","volume":"24","author":"Santamaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5478","article-title":"Histological 3D Reconstruction and in Vivo Lineage Tracing of the Human Endometrium","volume":"251","author":"Tempest","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640319","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.640319","article-title":"The Elusive Endometrial Epithelial Stem\/Progenitor Cells","volume":"9","author":"Cousins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248012","article-title":"An Integral Program for Tissue Renewal and Regeneration: Wnt Signaling and Stem Cell Control","volume":"346","author":"Clevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242281","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242281","article-title":"Plasticity of Epithelial Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration","volume":"344","author":"Blanpain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.038","article-title":"Stem Cells and Niches: Mechanisms That Promote Stem Cell Maintenance throughout Life","volume":"132","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.11.012","article-title":"Endometrial Axin2+ Cells Drive Epithelial Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Cancer Following Oncogenic Transformation","volume":"26","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13363-3","article-title":"Neonatal Wnt-Dependent Lgr5 Positive Stem Cells Are Essential for Uterine Gland Development","volume":"10","author":"Seishima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"137","article-title":"Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells: The First 10 Years","volume":"22","author":"Gargett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det285","article-title":"SSEA-1 Isolates Human Endometrial Basal Glandular Epithelial Cells: Phenotypic and Functional Characterization and Implications in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"28","author":"Valentijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex289","article-title":"N-Cadherin Identifies Human Endometrial Epithelial Progenitor Cells by in Vitro Stem Cell Assays","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey083","article-title":"Does Human Endometrial LGR5 Gene Expression Suggest the Existence of Another Hormonally Regulated Epithelial Stem Cell Niche?","volume":"33","author":"Tempest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervell\u00f3, I., Mas, A., Gil-Sanchis, C., Peris, L., Faus, A., Saunders, P.T.K., Critchley, H.O.D., and Sim\u00f3n, C. (2011). Reconstruction of Endometrium from Human Endometrial Side Population Cell Lines. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021221"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-012341","article-title":"Defining Adult Stem Cells by Function, Not by Phenotype","volume":"87","author":"Clevers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0435","article-title":"Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition Contributes to Endometrial Regeneration Following Natural and Artificial Decidualization","volume":"22","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915389116","article-title":"Self-Renewing Endometrial Epithelial Organoids of the Human Uterus","volume":"116","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0763-1","article-title":"Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Is Associated with a Pro-Senescent Decidual Response during the Peri-Implantation Window","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5511","article-title":"Single Cell Transcriptomes of Normal Endometrial Derived Organoids Uncover Novel Cell Type Markers and Cryptic Differentiation of Primary Tumours","volume":"252","author":"Cochrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.07.027","article-title":"Single Cell RNAseq Provides a Molecular and Cellular Cartography of Changes to the Human Endometrium through the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queckb\u00f6rner, S., von Grothusen, C., Boggavarapu, N.R., Francis, R.M., Davies, L.C., and Gemzell-Danielsson, K. (2021). Stromal Heterogeneity in the Human Proliferative Endometrium\u2014A Single-Cell Rna Sequencing Study. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060448"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69603","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69603","article-title":"Modelling the Impact of Decidual Senescence on Embryo Implantation in Human Endometrial Assembloids","volume":"10","author":"Rawlings","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00972-2","article-title":"Mapping the Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the Human Endometrium in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"53","author":"Handfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2115912119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115912119","article-title":"Deciphering the Endometrial Niche of Human Thin Endometrium at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"119","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00637-x","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Endometriosis Provides Insights into Fibroblast Fates and Immune Cell Heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, M.A.S., Wright, K.N., Lin, X., Abbasi, F., Haro, M., Sun, J., Hernandez, L., Orr, N.L., Hong, J., and Choi-Kuaea, Y. (2021). A Cellular and Molecular Portrait of Endometriosis Subtypes. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.20.445037"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Flynn, W.F., Sivajothi, S., Luo, D., Bozal, S.B., Luciano, A.A., Robson, P., Luciano, D.E., and Courtois, E.T. (2021). Single Cell Analysis of Endometriosis Reveals a Coordinated Transcriptional Program Driving Immunotolerance and Angiogenesis across Eutopic and Ectopic Tissues. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.28.453839"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1040-z","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of the Human Endometrium during the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0292-x","article-title":"CellPhoneDB: Inferring Cell\u2013Cell Communication from Combined Expression of Multi-Subunit Ligand\u2013Receptor Complexes","volume":"15","author":"Efremova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.1.16","article-title":"Immune Cells in the Female Reproductive Tract","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2011.38.3.119","article-title":"Role of Endometrial Immune Cells in Implantation","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31274","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31274","article-title":"Clearance of Senescent Decidual Cells by Uterine Natural Killer Cells in Cycling Human Endometrium","volume":"6","author":"Brighton","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLlife"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1452","article-title":"Decidual NK Cells Regulate Key Developmental Processes at the Human Fetal-Maternal Interface","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah044","article-title":"Decidual and Peripheral Blood CD4 +CD25 + Regulatory T Cells in Early Pregnancy Subjects and Spontaneous Abortion Cases","volume":"10","author":"Sasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.11.020","article-title":"Changes of CD4+CD25high Regulatory T Cells and FOXP3 Expression in Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Patients","volume":"94","author":"Mei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.12.003","article-title":"Increased Prevalence of T Helper 17 (Th17) Cells in Peripheral Blood and Decidua in Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Patients","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00953.x","article-title":"Decidual Natural Killer Cytotoxicity Decreased in Normal Pregnancy but Not in Anembryonic Pregnancy and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"34","author":"Chao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2727","article-title":"Endometrial CD56 + Natural Killer Cells in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage: A Histomorphometric Study","volume":"14","author":"Clifford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem141","article-title":"Prognostic Value of the Measurement of Uterine Natural Killer Cells in the Endometrium of Women with Recurrent Miscarriage","volume":"22","author":"Tuckerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991042","article-title":"Decidualization of the Human Endometrium: Mechanisms, Functions, and Clinical Perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Gellersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12473","article-title":"Progesterone-Regulated Endometrial Factors Controlling Implantation","volume":"75","author":"Bhurke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05519-2","article-title":"Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Fallopian Tube Epithelium","volume":"7","author":"Yucer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.10.002","article-title":"Generation of Progesterone-Responsive Endometrial Stromal Fibroblasts from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Role of the WNT\/CTNNB1 Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109138","article-title":"Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endometrial Stromal Fibroblasts in a Cyclic, Hormone-Responsive, Coculture Model of Human Decidua","volume":"35","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Establishment of a New Human Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cell Line, Ishikawa Cells, Containing Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors","volume":"37","author":"Nishida","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah240","article-title":"Progesterone-Dependent Release of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 from Epithelial Cells Enhances the Endometrial Decidualization by Turning on the Smad Signalling in Stromal Cells","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.836","article-title":"Endometrial Stromal Cells Regulate Epithelial Cell Growth in Vitro: A New Co-Culture Model","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa183","article-title":"In Vitro Models of the Human Endometrium: Evolution and Application for Women\u2019s Health+","volume":"104","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.08.002","article-title":"In-Vitro Model Systems for the Study of Human Embryo-Endometrium Interactions","volume":"27","author":"Weimar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082","article-title":"Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids","volume":"165","author":"Clevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.140731","article-title":"Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids: Using Principles of Developmental Biology to Grow Human Tissues in a Dish","volume":"144","author":"McCauley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032611","article-title":"Human Organoids: Tools for Understanding Biology and Treating Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Schutgens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935","article-title":"Single Lgr5 Stem Cells Build Crypt-Villus Structures in Vitro without a Mesenchymal Niche","volume":"459","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0259-3","article-title":"Human Organoids: Model Systems for Human Biology and Medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.12.009","article-title":"Human Pancreatic Tumor Organoids Reveal Loss of Stem Cell Niche Factor Dependence during Disease Progression","volume":"22","author":"Seino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13863","article-title":"Modelling Human Development and Disease in Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Gastric Organoids","volume":"516","author":"McCracken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3312","article-title":"Organoids as an in Vitro Model of Human Development and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Fatehullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00314","article-title":"Estrogen Signaling Drives Ciliogenesis in Human Endometrial Organoids","volume":"160","author":"Haider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02194-y","article-title":"Menstrual Flow as a Non-Invasive Source of Endometrial Organoids","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey336","article-title":"Abnormally Located SSEA1+\/SOX9+ Endometrial Epithelial Cells with a Basalis-like Phenotype in the Eutopic Functionalis Layer May Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"34","author":"Hapangama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04267-8","article-title":"Human Blastoids Model Blastocyst Development and Implantation","volume":"591","author":"Kagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"6","article-title":"Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids","volume":"2019","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz100","article-title":"Scaffold-Free Endometrial Organoids Respond to Excess Androgens Associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Wiwatpanit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190079","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0079","article-title":"Generation of a Three-Dimensional Collagen Scaffold-Based Model of the Human Endometrium","volume":"10","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001014","article-title":"Generation of Human Vascularized Brain Organoids","volume":"29","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3034-x","article-title":"Creation of Bladder Assembloids Mimicking Tissue Regeneration and Cancer","volume":"588","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez003","article-title":"Hemodynamic Forces Enhance Decidualization via Endothelial-Derived Prostaglandin E2 and Prostacyclin in a Microfluidic Model of the Human Endometrium","volume":"34","author":"Gnecco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0386-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Tract Modeling Using Organoids Engineered with Cellular and Microbiota Niches","volume":"52","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00416","article-title":"Murine Endometrial Organoids to Model Chlamydia Infection","volume":"10","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09144-7","article-title":"Chronic Chlamydia Infection in Human Organoids Increases Stemness and Promotes Age-Dependent CpG Methylation","volume":"10","author":"Kessler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102258","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Understanding of the Morphological Complexity of the Human Uterine Endometrium","volume":"24","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.811537","article-title":"Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells\u2013Their Role in Endometrial Repair and Regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Cousins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.041","article-title":"Endometriosis: Etiology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"184","author":"Saunders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Society for Reproductive Medicine (1997). Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine Classification of Endometriosis: 1996. Fertil. Steril. Steril., 67, 817\u2013821.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81391-X"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30003-X","article-title":"Peritoneal Endometriosis Due to the Menstrual Dissemination of Endometrial Tissue into the Peritoneal Cavity","volume":"14","author":"Sampson","year":"1927","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5301\/jeppd.5000310","article-title":"Adult Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Endometriosis","volume":"9","author":"Cousins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endometr. Pelvic Pain Disord."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruyama, T. (2022). A Revised Stem Cell Theory for the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020216"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000084","article-title":"Novel Agents for the Medical Treatment of Endometriosis","volume":"26","author":"Platteeuw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml026","article-title":"Animal Models in Endometriosis Research","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.03.011","article-title":"A Novel Mouse Model of Endometriosis Mimics Human Phenotype and Reveals Insights into the Inflammatory Contribution of Shed Endometrium","volume":"184","author":"Greaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2852","article-title":"Activation of Mutated K-Ras in Donor Endometrial Epithelium and Stroma Promotes Lesion Growth in an Intact Immunocompetent Murine Model of Endometriosis","volume":"224","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousins, F.L., Murray, A., Esnal, A., Gibson, D.A., Critchley, H.O.D., and Saunders, P.T.K. (2014). Evidence from a Mouse Model That Epithelial Cell Migration and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Contribute to Rapid Restoration of Uterine Tissue Integrity during Menstruation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086378"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey247","article-title":"Characterization of Human-like Menstruation in the Spiny Mouse: Comparative Studies with the Human and Induced Mouse Model","volume":"33","author":"Bellofiore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90180-9","article-title":"Intrapelvic Injection of Menstrual Endometrium Causes Endometriosis in Baboons (Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis)","volume":"173","author":"Bambra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108322430","article-title":"Nonhuman Primate Models for Translational Research in Endometriosis","volume":"16","author":"Kyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1358","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiles and Functional Characterization of Human Immortalized Endometriotic Epithelial and Stromal Cells","volume":"90","author":"Banu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)02164-2","article-title":"Three-Dimensional in Vitro Culture of Endometrial Explants Mimics the Early Stages of Endometriosis","volume":"80","author":"Fasciani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaq095","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of Human Endometrial Explants as an Ex Vivo Model System: A Molecular Approach","volume":"17","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-2215-7-17","article-title":"Novel Three-Dimensional in Vitro Models of Ovarian Endometriosis","volume":"7","author":"Brueggmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.1398","article-title":"Insight into Epigenetics of Human Endometriosis Organoids: DNA Methylation Analysis of HOX Genes and Their Cofactors","volume":"115","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.12.011","article-title":"Disturbed Progesterone Signalling in an Advanced Preclinical Model of Endometriosis","volume":"43","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/7\/1048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:07Z","timestamp":1760139547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/7\/1048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12071048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12071048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}}}