{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1786406863374,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Traditional distraction osteogenesis (DO) with the tooth-borne rigid external device (RED) system was regularly used in treating patients with cleft-related maxillary hypoplasia. However, the bone-borne RED system with miniplates and bone screws has currently become an effective treatment. This retrospective study was to compare bone-borne RED with traditional tooth-borne RED in distraction effectiveness, blood loss, operative time, and long-term stability. Methods: Twenty-two growing patients who underwent RED therapy were divided into two groups: eleven patients utilizing the bone-borne RED system with the transcutaneous wire attached with skeletal anchorage; another eleven patients using the traditional tooth-borne RED system with the intra-oral device attached with dental anchorage. Serial lateral cephalograms were analyzed for comparing treatment outcomes and stability in 1 month, 6 months, and 1.5 years after distraction. Results: In bone-borne RED group, the maxilla was advanced by 19.98 mm with slight clockwise rotation of 0.40\u00b0 and minimal palatal inclination change of incisor by \u22123.94\u00b0. In traditional tooth-borne RED group, the maxilla showed less advancement by 14.52 mm, with significant counter-clockwise rotation of \u221211.23\u00b0 and excessive palatal inclination change of incisor by \u221210.86\u00b0. Although operative time was longer in the bone-borne RED group by 38.4 min, this did not bring about greater blood loss. Conclusions: the bone-borne RED via transcutaneous wire system provides an easy, simple, and comfortable procedure as well as favorable long-term stability in maxillary distraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T22:43:28Z","timestamp":1656542608000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Comparative Study of Skeletal and Dental Outcome between Transcutaneous External Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis and Conventional Rigid External Device in Treating Cleft Lip and Palate Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hao","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Te-Ju","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiu-Shiung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui-Pin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8020-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0746.101336","article-title":"Treatment of maxillary cleft palate: Distraction osteogenesis vs. orthognathic surgery","volume":"2","author":"Rachmiel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. 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