{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T04:17:13Z","timestamp":1762057033414,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["Fondecyt grant 1130947","ANID Doctoral grant 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt grant 1130947","ANID Doctoral grant 2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The increasing aging of the population with the consequent increase of age-associated cognitive disorders pose the challenge of controlling its preventable risk factors, among which vitamin D deficit is a putative factor. Thus, our objective is to explore the association between vitamin D and cognitive performance in a cohort study of community-dwelling Chilean older people. Material and Methods: Cohort study of 955 (69.7% female), community-dwelling older Chileans free of cognitive impairment from the Alexandros cohorts, with 25(OH)D measurement at baseline. Cognitive Function was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) short-form questionnaire. Plasma levels of 25(OH)D were classified as Normal &gt; 30 ng\/mL Insufficiency 20\u201329 ng\/mL, Deficiency 20\u201312 ng\/mL and Severe Deficiency &lt; 12 ng\/mL. Penalized regressions models were made to assess associations. Results: Mean age of the sample was 66.6 + 4.5 years, with 8.5 + 4.7 years of education. After a mean follow-up of 9.6 years, 54 new cases of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)were identified (Incidence density rate = 5.9 per 1000 person\/years). Mean vitamin D plasma levels were lower in people with MCI than in the normal cognitive ones (23.0 + 12.75 vs. 28.35 + 15.17 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.01). In the fully adjusted model only severe deficiency of vitamin D was associated with MCI (RR = 2.33; 95% CI: (1.03\u20135.26). Conclusions: In this longitudinal study, our results confirm that low Vitamin D is a risk factor for MCI, and that people with severe deficiency have more than double the risk of MCI people with normal Vitamin D levels. Considering the high frequency of vitamin D deficiency in older people, and its preventability, these results are very valuable for future public health programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1656634910000},"page":"1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the Association between Vitamin D and Changes in Cognitive Function in Chilean Older Adults: Evidence from the ALEXANDROS Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Lera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"},{"name":"Latin Division, Keiser University eCampus, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Bendayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Albala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2019.12.001","article-title":"El envejecimiento de la poblaci\u00f3n chilena y los desaf\u00edos para la salud y el bienestar de las personas mayores","volume":"31","author":"Albala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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