{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:07:42Z","timestamp":1792066062704,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Association for Anatomy","award":["R01HD091278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD091278"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD091278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD091278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) commonly present with component risk factors for cardiometabolic risk and combined risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). These primary risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia\/insulin resistance, and hypertension. Commonly referred to as \u201csilent killers\u201d, cardiometabolic risk and CMS increase the threat of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death after SCI. This narrative review will examine current data and the etiopathogenesis of cardiometabolic risk, CMS, and cardiovascular disease associated with SCI, focusing on pivotal research on cardiometabolic sequelae from the last five years. The review will also provide current diagnosis and surveillance criteria for cardiometabolic disorders after SCI, a novel obesity classification system based on percent total body fat, and lifestyle management strategies to improve cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1656634910000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary J.","family":"Farkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Sneij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050606","article-title":"Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury","volume":"80","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion","volume":"8","author":"Grimby","year":"1976","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. 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