{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:36:02Z","timestamp":1774452962076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FUNDACION CANARIA COLEGIO DE MEDICOS DE LAS PALMAS","award":["26\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A widely accepted concept in perinatal medicine is that boys are more susceptible than girls to complications of prematurity. However, whether this \u2018male disadvantage of prematurity\u2019 also involves persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) has been scarcely investigated. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies addressing sex differences in the risk of developing PDA among preterm infants. We also investigated whether the response to pharmacological treatment of PDA differs between boys and girls. PubMed\/Medline and Embase databases were searched. The random-effects male\/female risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. We included 146 studies (357,781 infants). Meta-analysis could not demonstrate sex differences in risk of developing any PDA (37 studies, RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.08), hemodynamically significant PDA (81 studies, RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02), or in the rate of response to pharmacological treatment (45 studies, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.04). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression showed that the absence of sex differences was maintained over the years and in different geographic settings. In conclusion, both the incidence of PDA in preterm infants and the response rate to pharmacological treatment of PDA are not different between preterm boys and girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:17:10Z","timestamp":1657844230000},"page":"1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sex Differences in Patent Ductus Arteriosus Incidence and Response to Pharmacological Treatment in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Moreyba","family":"Borges-Lujan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil (CHUIMI) de Canarias, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gema E.","family":"Gonzalez-Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil (CHUIMI) de Canarias, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Roosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), School for Oncology Reproduction (GROW), 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurice J.","family":"Huizing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), School for Oncology Reproduction (GROW), 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Villamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), School for Oncology Reproduction (GROW), 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hundscheid, T., Onland, W., Van Overmeire, B., Dijk, P., van Kaam, A.H., Dijkman, K.P., Kooi, E.M., Villamor, E., Kroon, A.A., and Visser, R. 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