{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:39:03Z","timestamp":1792031943879,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic type 2 inflammatory disease characterized by olfactory impairment (OI) as one of the most troublesome symptoms. Currently, biologics represent a new option in the treatment of uncontrolled type 2 CRSwNP. This is a retrospective real-life observational study involving adult patients affected by severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. At baseline, and 3 and 6 months after Dupilumab add on to intranasal steroids (INS), patients underwent the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), nasal endoscopy, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale for OI, and Sniffin Sticks-16 items identification test (SS-I). We observed improvement in all clinical outcomes with a significant correlation between VAS-SS-I\/SNOT22, whereas we did not find a correlation between Nasal Polyp Score (NPS) and SS-I or VAS. Interestingly, patients reported a higher degree of improvement of OI on the VAS than on the SS-I. These data demonstrate that the patients were not aware about the degree of their OI and the perception of general improvement in their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) may have influenced the VAS score. Moreover, we observed a lack of correlation between NPS and SS-I or VAS, suggesting that OI did not depend on the polyps\u2019 volume and may be due mainly to the resolution of inflammation. So, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying OI in CRSwNP and its recovery after Dupilumab might be unrelated to the volume of the polyps and might depend mainly on the anti-inflammatory effects. Future studies including biomarkers may be useful to clarify this aspect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"1215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Olfaction Recovery following Dupilumab Is Independent of Nasal Polyp Reduction in CRSwNP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cantone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences\u2014ENT Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Head and Neck Department\u2014ENT Section, AOU Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"De Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Head and Neck Surgery\u2014Otorhinolaryngology, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Ricciardiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, AORN Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Di Nola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences\u2014ENT Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-5143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giusi","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences\u2014ENT Section, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Head and Neck Department\u2014ENT Section, AOU Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Allocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, AORN Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.09.037","article-title":"Olfactory Outcomes with Dupilumab in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps","volume":"10","author":"Mullol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15222","article-title":"Dupilumab improves health related quality of life: Results from the phase 3 SINUS studies","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E304","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27112","article-title":"Olfactory and middle meatal cytokine levels correlate with olfactory function in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"128","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Corso, E., Pipolo, C., Cantone, E., Ottaviano, G., Gallo, S., Canevari, F.R.M., Macchi, A., Monti, G., Cavaliere, C., and La Mantia, I. (2022). Survey on Use of Local and Systemic Corticosteroids in the Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Identification of Unmet Clinical Needs. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060897"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28233","article-title":"Response to glucocorticosteroids predicts olfactory outcome after ESS in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"130","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323896111","article-title":"Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 Mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes","volume":"111","author":"Macdonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14151","article-title":"Dual blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 with dupilumab, an IL-4R\u03b1 antibody, is required to broadly inhibit type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Allinne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): Results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials","volume":"394","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19330","article-title":"Effect of subcutaneous dupilumab on nasal polyp burden in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Bachert","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Corso, E., Settimi, S., Montuori, C., Corb\u00f2, M., Passali, G.C., Porru, D.P., Lo Verde, S., Spanu, C., Penazzi, D., and Di Bella, G.A. (2022). Effectiveness of Dupilumab in the Treatment of Patients with Severe Uncontrolled CRSwNP: A \u201cReal-Life\u201d Observational Study in the First Year of Treatment. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102684"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14174","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: Executive Summary and Rationale for Key Changes","volume":"27","author":"Reddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.047","article-title":"Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma","volume":"131","author":"Gevaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation between olfactory function, age, sex, and cognitive reserve index in the Italian population","volume":"24","author":"Masala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25173","article-title":"Olfactory performance after crenotherapy in chronic rhinosinusitis in the elderly","volume":"125","author":"Cantone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21310","article-title":"Impact of intranasal sodium hyaluronate on the short-term quality of life of patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"4","author":"Cantone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.121022","article-title":"Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 20-item Sino-NasalOutcome Test (SNOT-20)","volume":"126","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01995.x","article-title":"Psychometric validity of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test","volume":"34","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N1614","article-title":"Biologics for severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A change management approach. Consensus of the Joint Committee of Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology on biologics in rhinology","volume":"42","author":"Bellocchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835151","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.835151","article-title":"Studies on Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Management of Olfactory Dysfunction Secondary to Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3435","article-title":"Neuropathology of the olfactory mucosa in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"24","author":"Yee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21994","article-title":"Role of tissue eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis-associated olfactory loss","volume":"7","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2012.12.001","article-title":"Olfactory changes after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"40","author":"Oka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/8\/1215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:43Z","timestamp":1760140603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/8\/1215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12081215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12081215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}