{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:26:19Z","timestamp":1791386779799,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complex pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) generates a spectrum of phenotypes with a wide variety of inflammatory states. We enrolled 44 very-likely-to-be type 2 CRSwNP patients in order to evaluate the load of inflammation and to analyze human interleukins in nasal secretion. Clinical data were collected to evaluate the severity of the disease. High levels of IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-33 were detected in all type 2 CRSwNP patients. By analyzing type 2 cytokine profiles and local eosinophil count, we identified two coherent clusters: the first was characterized by high levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and a high-grade eosinophil count (type 2-high); the second had lower levels of cytokines and poor or absent eosinophilic inflammation (type-2 low). IL-5 levels were significantly higher within the type 2 cytokine and it was the most reliable biomarker for differentiating the two clusters. In type 2-high inflammatory profile clinical scores, the mean number of previous surgeries and need for systemic corticosteroids were significantly higher compared to type 2-low. Our research demonstrated the potential role of type 2 biomarkers, and in particular, of IL-5 in identifying patients with a more severe phenotype based on a high inflammatory load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T02:06:42Z","timestamp":1659319602000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sinonasal Biomarkers Defining Type 2-High and Type 2-Low Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"De Corso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Settimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisabetta","family":"Onori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo Francesco","family":"Mastrapasqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Troiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Lucchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Corb\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Montuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cantiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide Paolo","family":"Porru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Lo Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Alberto","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinol. 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