{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:42:27Z","timestamp":1762062147030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite continuous advances in surgical and immunosuppressive protocols, the long-term survival of transplanted kidneys is still far from being satisfactory. Antibody-mediated rejection, recurrent autoimmune diseases, and death with functioning graft are the most frequent causes of late-kidney allograft failure. However, in addition to these complications, a number of other non-immunologic events may impair the function of transplanted kidneys and directly or indirectly lead to their failure. In this narrative review, we will list and discuss the most important nonimmune causes of late death-censored kidney graft failure, including quality of the donated kidney, adherence to prescriptions, drug toxicities, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, new onset diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, and lifestyle of the renal transplant recipient. For each of these risk factors, we will report the etiopathogenesis and the potential consequences on graft function, keeping in mind that in many cases, two or more risk factors may negatively interact together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non-Immunologic Causes of Late Death-Censored Kidney Graft Failure: A Personalized Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ponticelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Via Ampere 126, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Citterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Transplant Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03840.x","article-title":"Understanding the causes of kidney transplant failure: The dominant role of antibody-mediated rejection and nonadherence","volume":"12","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31823bb647","article-title":"Early subclinical rejection as a risk factor for late chronic humoral rejection","volume":"93","author":"Moreso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.300","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection, T cell-mediated rejection, and the injury-repair response: New insights from the Genome Canada studies of kidney transplant biopsies","volume":"85","author":"Halloran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501686","article-title":"The Complement System and Antibody Mediated Transplant Rejection","volume":"195","author":"Stites","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16161","article-title":"Factors associated with kidney graft survival in pure antibody-mediated rejection at the time of indication biopsy: Importance of parenchymal injury but not disease activity","volume":"21","author":"Einecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.07.007","article-title":"Donor Kidney Quality and Transplant Outcome: An Economic Evaluation of Contemporary Practice","volume":"23","author":"Senanayake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.220","article-title":"Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract","volume":"76","author":"Ravani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00520-7","article-title":"Solitary kidney and risk of chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03466.x","article-title":"Donor Brain Death Predisposes Human Kidney Grafts to a Proinflammatory Reaction after Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Lindeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.304","article-title":"Each additional hour of cold ischemia time significantly increases the risk of graft failure and mortality following renal transplantation","volume":"87","author":"Debout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.09.008","article-title":"Triggers of inflammation after renal ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"123","author":"Thurman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.359","article-title":"The impact of cold ischemia time on renal transplant outcome","volume":"87","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0226-0","article-title":"Primed macrophages directly and specifically reject allografts","volume":"17","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12146","article-title":"Inflammatory triggers of acute rejection of organ allografts","volume":"258","author":"Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406960","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/406960","article-title":"Roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension","volume":"2014","author":"Dinh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.01.013","article-title":"Inflammation in Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.21","article-title":"Inflammation and hypoxia linked to renal injury by CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein","volume":"88","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00439.x","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta as a mediator of tubulointerstitial fibrosis","volume":"62","author":"Burns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001452","article-title":"Interleukin-6, A Cytokine Critical to Mediation of Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Allograft Rejection: Therapeutic Implications of IL-6 Receptor Blockade","volume":"101","author":"Jordan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00398.x","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"68","author":"Tonelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13060","article-title":"Signalling pathways involved in hypoxia-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.04.016","article-title":"The inflammatory state is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and graft fibrosis in kidney transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.12.014","article-title":"Age and the associations of living donor and expanded criteria donor kidneys with kidney transplant outcomes","volume":"59","author":"Molnar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2014.07.001","article-title":"Renal transplantation in elderly patients. How to select the candidates to the waiting list?","volume":"28","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02410.x","article-title":"Survival advantage of pediatric recipients of a first kidney transplant among children awaiting kidney transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Gillen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017121305","article-title":"Clinical and Pathology Findings Associate Consistently with Larger Glomerular Volume","volume":"29","author":"Denic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02701","article-title":"Kidneys from Elderly Deceased Donors-Is 70 the New 60?","volume":"10","author":"Echterdiek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13628","article-title":"Should kidney allografts from old donors be allocated only to old recipients?","volume":"33","author":"Kumru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1492-7535.2004.01085.x","article-title":"Inflammation as a cause of malnutrition, atherosclerotic, cardiovascular disease and poor outcome in hemodialysis patients","volume":"29","author":"Ya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.10.007","article-title":"Inflammation and Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00895-x","article-title":"Medication non-adherence in chronic kidney disease: A mixed-methods review and synthesis using the theoretical domains framework and the behavioural change wheel","volume":"34","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2010.01115.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms impair quality of life in Italian renal transplant recipients but are under-recognized by physicians","volume":"23","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.09.022","article-title":"Symptoms of depression in kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"55","author":"Szeifert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000438212.72960.ae","article-title":"Depression and kidney transplantation","volume":"97","author":"Chilcot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32833984a5","article-title":"Adherence to medical recommendations and transition to adult services in pediatric transplant recipients","volume":"15","author":"Shemesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000110408.83054.88","article-title":"Frequency and impact of nonadherence to immunosuppressants after renal transplantation: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44002-y","article-title":"Improving medication adherence in adult kidney transplantation (IMAKT): A pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2019.100511","article-title":"Medication non-adherence after kidney transplantation: A critical appraisal and systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Gokoel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2005.00176.x","article-title":"Prevalence, consequences, and determinants of nonadherence in adult renal transplant patients: A literature review","volume":"18","author":"Denhaerynck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falagas, M.E., Karagiannis, A.K., Nakouti, T., and Tansarli, G.S. (2015). Compliance with once-daily versus twice or thrice-daily administration of antibiotic regimens: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116207"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-199805000-00005","article-title":"Chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Andoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020009","article-title":"The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy","volume":"349","author":"Nankivell","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85323","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85323","article-title":"Relationships among injury, fibrosis, and time in human kidney transplants","volume":"1","author":"Venner","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14584","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection: New approaches in prevention and management","volume":"18","author":"Montgomery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04800908","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Naesens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponticelli, C., Reggiani, F., and Moroni, G. (2021). New and old calcineurin inhibitors in lupus nephritis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214832"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000780","article-title":"Measuring Intracellular Concentrations of Calcineurin Inhibitors: Expert Consensus from the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Expert Panel","volume":"42","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.12.002","article-title":"Monitoring intracellular tacrolimus concentrations and its relationship with rejection in the early phase after renal transplantation","volume":"101","author":"Francke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F693","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.281.4.F693","article-title":"Rapamycin impairs recovery from acute renal failure: Role of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of tubular cells","volume":"281","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"429","article-title":"Sirolimus-associated heavy proteinuria in a renal transplant recipient: Evidence for a tubular mechanism","volume":"2","author":"Wetzels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.09.004","article-title":"Tubular toxicity in sirolimus- and cyclosporine-based transplant immunosuppression strategies: An ancillary study from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Franz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00287.x","article-title":"Effect of waiting time on renal transplant outcome","volume":"58","author":"Port","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.11.035","article-title":"Factors Influencing Long-Term Patient and Allograft Outcomes in Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)81015-8","article-title":"Hypertension following kidney transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Curtis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2011.01242.x","article-title":"Hypertension in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200411000-00005","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease progression in native and transplant kidneys","volume":"13","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2005.02.009","article-title":"Hypertension in kidney transplantation","volume":"25","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.06588.x","article-title":"Hypertension after renal transplant","volume":"9","author":"Tedla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318160254f","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular events after successful renal transplantation","volume":"85","author":"Vanrenterghem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181ba1585","article-title":"Early high pulsepressure is associated with graft dysfunction and predicts poor kidney allograft survival","volume":"8","author":"Vetromile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.03.013","article-title":"Hypertension after kidney transplantation","volume":"43","author":"Kasiske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.187141","article-title":"The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on kidney allograft survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cheungpasitporn","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"S81","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and its management after renal transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Andany","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2021.04.008","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in Patients with Kidney Disease","volume":"39","author":"Thobani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-0987-6","article-title":"Separate and combined associations of physical activity and obesity with lipid-related indices in non-diabetic and diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00609-y","article-title":"Everolimus in kidney transplant recipients at high cardiovascular risk: A narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Paoletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2009.01023.x","article-title":"Prevalence and staging of chronic kidney disease in renal transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Mota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.10.054","article-title":"The relationship between kidney function and long-term graft survival after kidney transplant","volume":"57","author":"Kasiske","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.017","article-title":"On the function and homeostasis of PCSK9: Reciprocal interaction with LDLR and additional lipid effects","volume":"238","author":"Tavori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.07.003","article-title":"Small dense low-density lipoprotein in renal transplant recipients: A potential target for prevention of cardiovascular complications?","volume":"38","author":"Badiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200203150-00021","article-title":"A long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in kidney transplantation: Evidenc for improved allograft survival at five years","volume":"73","author":"Vincenti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181aa7d04","article-title":"Tacrolimus-induced elevation in plasma triglyceride concentrations after administration to renal transplant patients is partially due to a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity and plasma concentrations","volume":"88","author":"Tory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.872562","article-title":"The pros and the cons of mTOR inhibitors in kidney transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001693","article-title":"mTOR inhibition & cardiovascular diseases: Dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Kurdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii14","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl296","article-title":"Potential role of proliferation signal inhibitors on atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients","volume":"21","author":"Castro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M100392-JLR200","article-title":"Effects of sirolimus on plasma lipids, lipoprotein levels, and fatty acid metabolism in renal transplant patients","volume":"43","author":"Morrisett","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199702150-00001","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in solid orga transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Kobashigawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32833aa4ac","article-title":"Renal lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity","volume":"19","author":"Bobulescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0278-5","article-title":"Lipotoxicity as a trigger factor of renal disease","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F433","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00375.2015","article-title":"Systemic and renal lipids in kidney disease development and progression","volume":"310","author":"Wahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00165.x","article-title":"Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"58","author":"Muntner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3762","article-title":"Defective fatty acid oxidation in renal tubular epithelial cells has a key role in kidney fibrosis development","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.2001.150108.x","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor of renal allograft function impairment","volume":"15","author":"Carvalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200004270-00029","article-title":"Cholesterol as an independent predictor of outcome after renal transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Roodnat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.01.016","article-title":"Effect of statins on kidney disease outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.05.033","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on renal function","volume":"114","author":"Geng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1732921","article-title":"Treatment of dyslipidemia in kidney transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63377","article-title":"Osteoblasts mediate the adverse effects of glucocorticoids on fuel metabolism","volume":"122","author":"Henneicke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.10.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: Focus on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism","volume":"43","author":"Geer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66180","article-title":"New mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: Make no bones about it","volume":"122","author":"Ferris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01018.x","article-title":"Cyclosporin and tacrolimus impair insulin secretion and transcriptional regulation in INS-1E beta-cells","volume":"162","author":"Ozbay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.546","article-title":"Calcineurin Inhibitors: Pharmacologic Mechanisms Impacting Both Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion Leading to Glucose Dysregulation and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"101","author":"Chakkera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15483","article-title":"Inhibition of the mTOR pathway: A new mechanism of \u03b2 cell toxicity induced by tacrolimus","volume":"19","author":"Rovira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Sun, F., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., He, N., Chen, H., Song, P., Wang, Y., Yan, S., and Zheng, S. (2015). Tacrolimus Induces Insulin Resistance and Increases the Glucose Absorption in the Jejunum: A Potential Mechanism of the Diabetogenic Effects. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143405"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0106","article-title":"Evidence for rapamycin toxicity in pancreatic \u03b2-cells and a review of the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Barlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215135","article-title":"Rapamycin-induced insulin resistance is mediated by mTORC2 loss and uncoupled from longevity","volume":"335","author":"Lamming","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1822-8","article-title":"Fasting and rapamycin: Diabetes versus benevolent glucose intolerance","volume":"10","author":"Blagosklonny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2007.01.012","article-title":"Histopathology of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"27","author":"Fioretto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1137-8","article-title":"Post-transplantation diabetes in kidney transplant recipients: An update on management and prevention","volume":"55","author":"Conte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corremans, R., Vervaet, B.A., D\u2019Haese, P.C., Neven, E., and Verhulst, A. (2018). Metformin: A Candidate Drug for Renal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010042"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000481951","article-title":"Renoprotective Effects of Metformin","volume":"138","author":"Kajbaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1159\/000370034","article-title":"Metformin use in kidney transplant recipients in the United States: An observational study","volume":"40","author":"Stephen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"CD002967","article-title":"Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2010","author":"Salpeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318779760","article-title":"Assessing the incidence of acidosis in patients receiving metformin with and without risk factors for lactic acidosis","volume":"9","author":"Trinkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000181165.19788.95","article-title":"Rosiglitazone therapy of posttransplant diabetes mellitus","volume":"80","author":"Villanueva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.12.020","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and PPAR orchestra as antidiabetic agents: From past to present","volume":"126","author":"Yasmin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31150-X","article-title":"Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Gerstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.987122","article-title":"Potential side effects to GLP-1 agonists: Understanding their safety and tolerability","volume":"14","author":"Consoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Safety"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00786-1","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for the Management of Diabetes After Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Thangavelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1444027","article-title":"The safety of gliptins: Updated data in 2018","volume":"17","author":"Screen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Safety"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666190321144310","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Post-transplant Diabetes Mellitus (PTDM)- a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and Renal Outcome in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020951955","article-title":"Review of Newer Antidiabetic Agents for Diabetes Management in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chewcharat, A., Prasitlumkum, N., Thongprayoon, C., Bathini, T., Medaura, J., Vallabhajosyula, S., and Cheungpasitporn, W. (2020). Efficacy and Safety of SGLT-2 Inhibitors for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus among Kidney Transplant Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci8040047"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800885","article-title":"Uric acid and cardiovascular risk","volume":"359","author":"Feig","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft132","article-title":"Uric acid and risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(04)00934-5","article-title":"Significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for developing ESRD in a screened cohort","volume":"44","author":"Iseki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1159\/000326848","article-title":"Uric acid levels predict future development of chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Sonoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1346","article-title":"Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function","volume":"35","author":"Zoppini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.-W., Lin, S.-Y., Kuo, C.-C., and Huang, C.-C. (2017). Serum Uric Acid and Progression of Kidney Disease: A Longitudinal Analysis and Mini-Review. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170393"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.015","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and Progression of CKD in Children and Adolescents: The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Cohort Study","volume":"66","author":"Rodenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.11.042","article-title":"Association of uric acid with inflammation, progressive renal allograft dysfunction and post-transplant cardiovascular risk","volume":"103","author":"Bandukwala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181c73c18","article-title":"The independent association between serum uric acid and graft outcomes after kidney transplantation","volume":"89","author":"Haririan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.G., Choi, H.Y., Kim, H.Y., Lee, E.J., Huh, K.H., Kim, M.S., Nam, C.M., Kim, B.S., and Kim, Y.S. (2018). Association between post-transplant serum uric acid levels and kidney transplantation outcomes. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209156"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.06.013","article-title":"Impact of Hyperuricemia on Long-term Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation: Analysis of the FAVORIT Study","volume":"70","author":"Kalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-93-6-817","article-title":"Serum uric acid in essential hypertension: An indicator of renal vascular involvement","volume":"93","author":"Messerli","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv024","article-title":"Hyperuricemia-induced inflammasome and kidney diseases","volume":"31","author":"Isaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wei, Q., Guo, C., Liu, Y., Tang, C., and Dong, Z. (2017). Hypoxia, HIF, and Associated Signaling Networks in Chronic Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18050950"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F336","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00053.2010","article-title":"Uric acid increases fibronectin synthesis through upregulation of lysyl oxidase expression in rat renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"299","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F471","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00560.2012","article-title":"Uric acid-induced phenotypic transition of renal tubular cells as a novel mechanism of chronic kidney disease","volume":"304","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.056","article-title":"Hyperuricemia as a trigger of immune response in hypertension and chronic kidney disease","volume":"98","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.132","article-title":"Allopurinol hypersensitivity: Investigating the cause and minimizing the risk","volume":"12","author":"Stamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0466-4","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Febuxostat","volume":"56","author":"Kamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13820","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13820","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of febuxostat for treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia among kidney transplant patients: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"34","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011060546","article-title":"Correction of Postkidney Transplant Anemia Reduces Progression of Allograft Nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Choukroun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00284.x","article-title":"Effects of current smoking and smoking discontinuation on renal function and proteinuria in the general population","volume":"58","author":"Halimi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"209","article-title":"Association of smoking with albuminuria in a cross-sectional probability sample of U.S. adults","volume":"12","author":"Hogan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00448.x","article-title":"Is smoking a risk factor for progression of chronic renal failure?","volume":"58","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200106270-00009","article-title":"Excess risk of renal allograft loss associated with cigarette smoking","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00066.x","article-title":"Predicting clinical outcome in the elderly renal transplant recipient","volume":"57","author":"Doyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"36","article-title":"The role of pretransplant smoking on allograft survival in kidney recipients","volume":"2","author":"Kheradmand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.10.058","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, kidney function, and mortality after live donor kidney transplant","volume":"55","author":"Nogueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm275","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and chronic allograft nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Zitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.04.029","article-title":"Nodular glomerulosclerosis in a kidney transplant recipient who smokes","volume":"50","author":"Suneja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)00531-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications after renal transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Aker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03740907","article-title":"Smoking: A risk factor for progression of chronic kidney disease and for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in renal patients\u2014Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?","volume":"3","author":"Orth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2020.1847723","article-title":"Physical activity and renal function in the Italian kidney transplant population","volume":"42","author":"Masiero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001886","article-title":"Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk among Kidney Transplant Patients","volume":"51","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697055","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.697055","article-title":"Hip Position Acutely Affects Oxygenation and Perfusion of Kidney Grafts as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods\u2014The Bent Knee Study","volume":"8","author":"Mani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607101025003120","article-title":"Nutrition assessment and support of organ transplant recipients","volume":"25","author":"Hasse","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.023","article-title":"ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Adult Renal Failure","volume":"25","author":"Cano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update","volume":"3","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.04.003","article-title":"Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Insights From the PREDIMED Study","volume":"58","author":"Estruch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, D. (2019). Health Benefits of Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081802"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008222","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008222","article-title":"A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Pel\u00e1ez, S., Fito, M., and Castaner, O. (2020). Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082236"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14630","article-title":"Effect of a Nutritional and Behavioral Intervention on Energy-Reduced Mediterranean Diet Adherence Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: Interim Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Razquin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentella, M.C., Scaldaferri, F., Ricci, C., Gasbarrini, A., and Miggiano, G.A.D. (2019). Cancer and Mediterranean Diet: A Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092059"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06710619","article-title":"Mediterranean Style Diet and Kidney Function Loss in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"15","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200203000-00007","article-title":"Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Schmaldenst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graversen, M.E., Dalgaard, L.S., Jensen Fangel, S., Jespersen, B., Ostergaard, L., and Sogaard, O.S. (2016). Risk and outcome of pyelonephritis among renal transplant recipients. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1608-x"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000023435.07320.81","article-title":"Clinical course of polyoma virus nephropathy in 67 renal transplant patients","volume":"13","author":"Ramos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2004.00210.x","article-title":"BK virus-associated transplant nephropathy: Need for increased awareness in children","volume":"8","author":"Vats","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020439","article-title":"Prospective studies of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients","volume":"347","author":"Hirsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200311000-00005","article-title":"Polyomavirus nephropathy: Morphology, pathophysiology, and clinical management","volume":"12","author":"Nickeleit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.01034.x","article-title":"Screening to prevent polyoma virus nephropathy: A medical decision analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kiberd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200208270-00009","article-title":"Quantitation of viral DNA in renal allograft tissue from patients with BK virus nephropathy","volume":"74","author":"Randhawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181d0e15e","article-title":"Treatment of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15480","article-title":"Two-year outcomes in de novo renal transplant recipients receiving everolimus-facilitated calcineurin inhibitor reduction regimen from the TRANSFORM study","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"(2022, April 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.anzdata.org.au\/report\/anzdata-43rd-annual-report-2020-anzdata\/."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/8\/1271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:47Z","timestamp":1760140847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/8\/1271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12081271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12081271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}