{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:17:43Z","timestamp":1789823863926,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IMU Joint-Committee on Research &amp; Ethics (IMU-JC), International Medical University, Malaysia","award":["MPP I\/2020 (11)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPP I\/2020 (11)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic premalignant condition and is characterized by fibroblastic change of lamina propria and stiffness of oral mucosa. Though there are several treatment options available, the best agent is not yet identified. This study assessed the comparative efficacy and safety of medical interventions in the management of OSMF. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of interventions for OSMF with each other, or placebo. A network meta-analysis was performed, and the interventions were ranked according to their efficacy based on the surface under the cumulative ranking. (PROSPERO Registration no: CRD42021255094). Results: Thirty-two RCTs comprising 2063 patients were eligible for quantitative analysis. In terms of therapeutic efficacy in the improvement of mouth opening Oxitard, a herbal formulation was ranked as the most efficacious agent, [MD, 10.29 (95%CI 6.34\u201314.25)] followed by combination therapy of Lycopene with corticosteroids and hyaluronidase [MD, 7.07 (95%CI 1.82\u201312.31)]. For improvement of burning sensation aloe vera was ranked first [MD, 6.14 (95%CI 4.58\u20137.70)] followed by corticosteroids with antioxidants [MD, 6.13 (95%CI 4.12\u20138.14)] and corticosteroids in combination with hyaluronidase with antioxidants [MD, 5.95 (95%CI 3.79\u20138.11)]. In terms of safety, most of the drugs were reported to cause mild adverse effects only. Significant inconsistencies could be identified in the analysis for both the outcomes assessed and were further explored. Conclusions: Our study highlighted the potential efficacy of several agents over placebo in the improvement of mouth opening and burning sensation in OSMF patients. However, the RCTs lacked methodological soundness. Well-designed studies with a larger number of participants with a rigorous randomization process and stringent methodology are recommended to strengthen the results obtained, which may help to construct a clinical guideline for OSMF management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparative Efficacy of Interventions for the Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Oral Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai Mong","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajesh K.","family":"Veettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athira","family":"Balakrishnan Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari Kannan","family":"Maharajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2019.06.016","article-title":"Proposed clinical definition for oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"More","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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