{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:57:01Z","timestamp":1785322621520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","award":["RGP.2\/58\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/58\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mortality and morbidity from influenza and other respiratory viruses are significant causes of concern worldwide. Infections in the respiratory tract are often underappreciated because they tend to be mild and incapacitated. On the other hand, these infections are regarded as a common concern in clinical practice. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, albeit this is becoming more challenging since many of the more prevalent infection causes have acquired a wide range of antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to frontline treatment medications is constantly rising, necessitating the development of new antiviral agents. Probiotics are one of several medications explored to treat respiratory viral infection (RVI). As a result, certain probiotics effectively prevent gastrointestinal dysbiosis and decrease the likelihood of secondary infections. Various probiotic bacterias and their metabolites have shown immunomodulating and antiviral properties. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which probiotics are effective in the fight against viral infections are sometimes unclear. This comprehensive review has addressed probiotic strains, dosage regimens, production procedures, delivery systems, and pre-clinical and clinical research. In particular, novel probiotics\u2019 fight against RVIs is the impetus for this study. Finally, this review may explore the potential of probiotic bacterias and their metabolites to treat RVIs. It is expected that probiotic-based antiviral research would be benefitted from this review\u2019s findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pharmacological Efficacy of Probiotics in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9941-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadma","family":"Wahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Almaghaslah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Esam","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3353-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Faruque","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Alsayegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya M.","family":"Abu Haddash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Akhlaquer","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9500-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahamd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasim","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Usmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Parwez","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Maldives National University, Male 20402, Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37162-w","article-title":"Mixed Viral-Bacterial Infections and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota and Clinical Illnesses in Children","volume":"9","author":"Mathew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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