{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:04:26Z","timestamp":1782237866031,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The polygenic and multifactorial nature of many psychiatric disorders has hampered implementation of the personalized medicine approach in clinical practice. However, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged as an innovative tool for patient-specific disease modeling to expand the pathophysiology knowledge and treatment perspectives in the last decade. Current technologies enable adult human somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs to generate neural cells and direct neural cell conversion to model organisms that exhibit phenotypes close to human diseases, thereby effectively representing relevant aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this regard, iPSCs reflect patient pathophysiology and pharmacological responsiveness, particularly when cultured under conditions that emulate spatial tissue organization in brain organoids. Recently, the application of iPSCs has been frequently associated with gene editing that targets the disease-causing gene to deepen the illness pathophysiology and to conduct drug screening. Moreover, gene editing has provided a unique opportunity to repair the putative causative genetic lesions in patient-derived cells. Here, we review the use of iPSC technology to model and potentially treat neuropsychiatric disorders by illustrating the key studies on a series of mental disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Future perspectives will involve the development of organ-on-a-chip platforms that control the microenvironmental conditions so as to reflect individual pathophysiological by adjusting physiochemical parameters according to personal health data. This strategy could open new ways by which to build a disease model that considers individual variability and tailors personalized treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"1340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology: Toward the Future of Personalized Psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Alciati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni\u2014Hermanas Hospitalarias, Via Roma 16, 22032 Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy"},{"name":"Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1620-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D3 Validation Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Caldirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni\u2014Hermanas Hospitalarias, Via Roma 16, 22032 Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni\u2014Hermanas Hospitalarias, Via Roma 16, 22032 Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry: Back to the Future","volume":"1","author":"Perna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. 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