{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:08:40Z","timestamp":1785211720170,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thompson Endowment"},{"name":"Western Frugal Biomedical Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases pose an increasing socio-economic burden worldwide given their high prevalence and their elevated morbidity and mortality. Medical devices play an important role in managing acute and chronic respiratory failure, including diagnosis, monitoring, and providing artificial ventilation. Current commercially available respiratory devices are very effective but, given their cost, are unaffordable for most patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Herein, we focus on a relatively new design option\u2014the open-source hardware approach\u2014that, if implemented, will contribute to providing low-cost respiratory medical devices for many patients in LMICs, particularly those without full medical insurance coverage. Open source reflects a set of approaches to conceive and distribute the comprehensive technical information required for building devices. The open-source approach enables free and unrestricted use of the know-how to replicate and manufacture the device or modify its design for improvements or adaptation to different clinical settings or personalized treatments. We describe recent examples of open-source devices for diagnosis\/monitoring (measuring inspiratory\/expiratory pressures or flow and volume in mechanical ventilators) and for therapy (non-invasive ventilators for adults and continuous positive airway pressure support for infants) that enable building simple, low-cost (hence, affordable), and high-performance solutions for patients in LMICs. Finally, we argue that the common practice of approving clinical trials by the local hospital ethics board can be expanded to ensure patient safety by reviewing, inspecting, and approving open hardware for medical application to maximize the innovation and deployment rate of medical technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Open-Source Hardware May Address the Shortage in Medical Devices for Patients with Low-Income and Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Low-Resource Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9084-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Biof\u00edsica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viet-Nhung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Program, 463 Hoang Hoa Tham, Vinh Phu, Ba Dinh, Hanoi 118000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Tuan","family":"Dinh-Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators (2020). 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