{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:04:45Z","timestamp":1784603085117,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Tabuk","award":["S-1441-0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-1441-0143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immune dysregulation has been linked to morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Understanding the immunology of COVID-19 is critical for developing effective therapies, diagnostics, and prophylactic strategies to control the disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to correlate cytokine and chemokine serum levels with COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. Subjects and Methods: A total of 60 hospitalized patients from the Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia with confirmed COVID-19 were included in the study. At hospital admission, the IL-1 \u03b2, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, LT-B4, and CCL-2 serum levels were measured. The cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients were compared to the levels in 30 healthy matched control subjects. Results: The IL-1 \u03b2, IL-2, LTB-4, CCL-2, and IL-8 levels (but not IL-10) were significantly higher in all COVID-19 patients (47 survivors and 13 non-survivors) compared with the levels in the healthy control group. In the non-survivor COVID-19 patients, patients\u2019 age, D-dimer, and creatinine kinase were significantly higher, and IL-1 \u03b2, IL-2, and IL-8 were significantly lower compared with the levels in the survivors. Conclusion: Mortality rates in COVID-19 patients are associated with increased age and a failure to mount an effective immune response rather than developing a cytokine storm. These results warrant the personalized treatment of COVID-19 patients based on cytokine profiling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["IL-2 and IL-1\u03b2 Patient Immune Responses Are Critical Factors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shereen","family":"Fawzy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2010-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesaik M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badr A.","family":"Alsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5162-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dnyanesh","family":"Amle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur 441108, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 20). 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