{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:56:53Z","timestamp":1788051413892,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spinal cord is a conduit within the central nervous system (CNS) that provides ongoing communication between the brain and the rest of the body, conveying complex sensory and motor information necessary for safety, movement, reflexes, and optimization of autonomic function. After a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), supraspinal influences on the peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are disrupted, leading to spastic paralysis, sympathetic blunting, and parasympathetic dominance, resulting in cardiac dysrhythmias, systemic hypotension, bronchoconstriction, copious respiratory secretions, and uncontrolled bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. This article outlines the pathophysiology of the less reported nontraumatic SCI (NTSCI), its classification, its influence on sensory\/motor function, and introduces the probable comorbidities associated with SCI that will be discussed in more detail in the accompanying manuscripts of this special issue. Finally, management strategies for NTSCI will be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:44:32Z","timestamp":1667961872000},"page":"1872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Epidemiology, Etiology and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Molinares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1611 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1611 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1611 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Pontee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1611 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6250","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury in the United States, 1993\u20132012","volume":"313","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"A model for estimating spinal cord injury prevalence in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Lasfargues","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (2013). Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. J. 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