{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:37:35Z","timestamp":1780958255924,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York State Research Foundation","award":["RIAQ0940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIAQ0940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise, a proven method of boosting health and wellness, is thought to act as a protective factor against many neurological and psychological diseases. Recent studies on exercise and drug exposure have pinpointed some of the neurological mechanisms that may characterize this protective factor. Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques and the glucose analog [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), our team sought to identify how chronic aerobic exercise modulates brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) after drug-na\u00efve rats were exposed to an acute dose of cocaine. Using sedentary rats as a control group, we observed significant differences in regional BGluM. Chronic treadmill exercise treatment coupled with acute cocaine exposure induced responses in BGluM activity in the following brain regions: postsubiculum (Post), parasubiculum (PaS), granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI and DI, respectively), substantia nigra reticular (SNR) and compact part dorsal tier (SNCD), temporal association cortex (TeA), entopenduncular nucleus (EP), and crus 1 of the ansiform lobule (crus 1). Inhibition, characterized by decreased responses due to our exercise, was found in the ventral endopiriform nucleus (VEn). These areas are associated with memory and various motor functions. They also include and share connections with densely dopaminergic areas of the mesolimbic system. In conclusion, these findings suggest that treadmill exercise in rats mediates brain glucose response to an acute dose of cocaine differently as compared to sedentary rats. The modulated brain glucose utilization occurs in brain regions responsible for memory and association, spatial navigation, and motor control as well as corticomesolimbic regions related to reward, emotion, and movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12121976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1669781124000},"page":"1976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exercise Modulates Brain Glucose Utilization Response to Acute Cocaine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Colin","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center For Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra D.","family":"Badgaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayotis K.","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax1532","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax1532","article-title":"The treatment of cocaine use disorder","volume":"5","author":"Kampman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.036","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with crack-cocaine use: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"180","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00009","article-title":"Cocaine abuse","volume":"119","author":"Warner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041","article-title":"Cocaine use and risk of stroke: A systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Sordo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8404-z","article-title":"Dental health status in crack\/cocaine-addicted men: A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Cury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.T., and Park, T. (2019). Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on cardiovascular health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030584"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.10.035","article-title":"Daily treadmill exercise attenuates cocaine cue-induced reinstatement and cocaine induced locomotor response but increases cocaine-primed reinstatement","volume":"239","author":"Thanos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.06.033","article-title":"Chronic forced exercise during adolescence decreases cocaine conditioned place preference in lewis rats","volume":"215","author":"Thanos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2010.11.2237","article-title":"Overcoming qeeg abnormalities and reward gene deficits during protracted abstinence in male psychostimulant and polydrug abusers utilizing putative dopamine d2 agonist therapy: Part 2","volume":"122","author":"Blum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.07.009","article-title":"Chronic forced exercise inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference","volume":"353","author":"Robison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001627","article-title":"Exercise reduces dopamine d1r and increases d2r in rats: Implications for addiction","volume":"50","author":"Robison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanna, C., Hamilton, J., Arnavut, E., Blum, K., and Thanos, P.K. (2022). Brain mapping the effects of chronic aerobic exercise in the rat brain using fdg pet. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060860"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015","article-title":"Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters","volume":"133","author":"Paolucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.021","article-title":"A perspective on the future role of brain pet imaging in exercise science","volume":"131","author":"Boecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050104","article-title":"Acute cocaine effects on absolute cerebral blood flow","volume":"128","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2798-6","article-title":"Acute cocaine induced deficits in cognitive performance in rhesus macaque monkeys treated with baclofen","volume":"225","author":"Porrino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589897","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.589897","article-title":"Single low dose of cocaine-structural brain injury without metabolic and behavioral changes","volume":"14","author":"Nicolucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890140210","article-title":"Decreased dopamine d2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers","volume":"14","author":"Volkow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synap. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110303","article-title":"Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers","volume":"11","author":"Volkow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Synap. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00218","article-title":"[18f]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in rats with prolonged cocaine self-administration suggests potential brain biomarkers for addictive behavior","volume":"8","author":"Cannella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90113-5","article-title":"Allelic association of the d2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence","volume":"33","author":"Noble","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20503","article-title":"The effects of cocaine on regional brain glucose metabolism is attenuated in dopamine transporter knockout mice","volume":"62","author":"Thanos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synap. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<162::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism","volume":"74","author":"Noble","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01646","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1646","article-title":"The functional networks of a novel environment: Neural activity mapping in awake unrestrained rats using positron emission tomography","volume":"10","author":"McGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (2007). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00548","article-title":"Introducing precision addiction management of reward deficiency syndrome, the construct that underpins all addictive behaviors","volume":"9","author":"Blum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8860","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0796-19.2019","article-title":"Electrophysiological and molecular characterization of the parasubiculum","volume":"39","author":"Sammons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3749-15.2016","article-title":"Functional architecture of the rat parasubiculum","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-02-00420.1990","article-title":"Head-direction cells recorded from the postsubiculum in freely moving rats. I. Description and quantitative analysis","volume":"10","author":"Taube","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2602","article-title":"Grid cells in pre- and parasubiculum","volume":"13","author":"Boccara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03721","article-title":"Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"436","author":"Hafting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000019","article-title":"The effects of lesions to the postsubiculum or the anterior dorsal nucleus of the thalamus on spatial learning in rats","volume":"128","author":"Peckford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.115.1.112","article-title":"Excitotoxic lesions of the pre- and parasubiculum disrupt object recognition and spatial memory processes","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.01.005","article-title":"Selenium mediates exercise-induced adult neurogenesis and reverses learning deficits induced by hippocampal injury and aging","volume":"34","author":"Leiter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118783299","article-title":"A single dose of cocaine enhances prospective memory performance","volume":"32","author":"Hutten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.042192.116","article-title":"Effects of drugs of abuse on hippocampal plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: Contributions to development and maintenance of addiction","volume":"23","author":"Kutlu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.07.001","article-title":"Acute and repeated administration of cocaine differentially regulates expression of psa-ncam-positive neurons in the rat hippocampus","volume":"1055","author":"Wedzony","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6","article-title":"The insular cortex: A review","volume":"195","author":"Nieuwenhuys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385198-7.00011-4","article-title":"Macroscopic connection of rat insular cortex: Anatomical bases underlying its physiological functions","volume":"97","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"63","article-title":"Brain regions associated with the acquisition of conditioned place preference for cocaine vs. Social interaction","volume":"6","author":"Klement","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.01.029","article-title":"Granular insular cortex inactivation as a novel therapeutic strategy for nicotine addiction","volume":"68","author":"Forget","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.044","article-title":"Involvement of the caudal granular insular cortex in alcohol self-administration in rats","volume":"293","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.07.047","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical projections from granular insular cortex receiving orofacial proprioception","volume":"388","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Melo, C.A.A., Guimar\u00e3es, H.R.G., Medeiros, R.C.F., Souza, G.C.A., Santos, P., and T\u00f4rres, A. (2021). Oral changes in cocaine abusers: An integrative review. Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.043","article-title":"Sequence of information processing for emotions through pathways linking temporal and insular cortices with the amygdala","volume":"40","author":"Barbas","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa072","article-title":"Direct parabrachial-cortical connectivity","volume":"30","author":"Grady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31802f04e0","article-title":"Exercise-induced decrease in insular cortex rcbf during postexercise hypotension","volume":"39","author":"Lamb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.3.1213","article-title":"Activation of the insular cortex is affected by the intensity of exercise","volume":"87","author":"Williamson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1998.7.14.5636","article-title":"Role of dopamine in schizophrenia and parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Birtwistle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70285-4","article-title":"The diagnosis of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Tolosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.09.009","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons","volume":"37","author":"Chinta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1975-17.2017","article-title":"Cocaine selectively reorganizes excitatory inputs to substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons","volume":"38","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1771-9","article-title":"Blockade of substantia nigra dopamine d1 receptors reduces intravenous cocaine reward in rats","volume":"175","author":"Quinlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26653","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26653","article-title":"Anatomical and functional organization of the human substantia nigra and its connections","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00152","article-title":"Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Baik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.002335","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of drug reinforcement and addiction","volume":"18","author":"Self","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"Cd003352","article-title":"Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence","volume":"2015","author":"Minozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710902030273","article-title":"Substance abuse and movement disorders","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.05.004","article-title":"The temporal association cortex plays a key role in auditory-driven maternal plasticity","volume":"107","author":"Tasaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Purves, D., Augustine, G., and Fitzpatrick, D. (2001). Neuroscience, Sinauer Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03326730","article-title":"Temporal and parietal association cortex lesions and spatial and black-white reversal learning in the rat","volume":"6","author":"McDaniel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500138","article-title":"Resistance exercise improves hippocampus-dependent memory","volume":"45","author":"Cassilhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. Rev. Bras. De Pesqui. Med. E Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsang, A.R., Rajakumar, N., and Jog, M.S. (2019). Botulinum toxin a injection into the entopeduncular nucleus improves dynamic locomotory parameters in hemiparkinsonian rats. PloS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223450"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6728","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06728.2000","article-title":"Postural and anticonvulsant effects of inhibition of the rat subthalamic nucleus","volume":"20","author":"Dybdal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1657-6","article-title":"Dopamine receptors in the rat entopeduncular nucleus","volume":"223","author":"Lavian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0708-20.2020","article-title":"Entopeduncular nucleus projections to the lateral habenula contribute to cocaine avoidance","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa106","article-title":"Contribution of the entopeduncular nucleus and the globus pallidus to the control of locomotion and visually guided gait modifications in the cat","volume":"30","author":"Arto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90213-0","article-title":"Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus: Efferent connections with special reference to the basal ganglia, studied in the rat by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000456","article-title":"Cerebellar control of eye movements","volume":"37","author":"Beh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol. Off. J. North Am. Neuro-Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0204-7","article-title":"Visuomotor cerebellum in human and nonhuman primates","volume":"11","author":"Voogd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0706-4","article-title":"Cerebellar clustering and functional connectivity during pain processing","volume":"15","author":"Diano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000067551","article-title":"Human cerebellar activation in relation to saccadic eye movements: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"216","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica. J. Int. D\u2019ophtalmologie. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Z. Fur Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1925","article-title":"The cerebellum\u2019s role in reading: A functional mr imaging study","volume":"20","author":"Fulbright","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.148","article-title":"Cerebellar activation during optokinetic stimulation and saccades","volume":"54","author":"Dieterich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90310-X","article-title":"Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat project, respectively, to the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei","volume":"51","author":"Ikai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.015","article-title":"Stress-induced plasticity and functioning of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons","volume":"108","author":"Douma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"267","article-title":"Endopiriform nucleus connectivities: The implications for epileptogenesis and epilepsy","volume":"66","author":"Majak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<532::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat","volume":"408","author":"Behan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.067","article-title":"Enhancement of oscillatory activity in the endopiriform nucleus of rats raised under abnormal oral conditions","volume":"561","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00454-8","article-title":"Connections of the auditory cortex with the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus in the cat","volume":"54","author":"Beneyto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116763","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review","volume":"412","author":"Swenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172980","article-title":"Chronic aerobic exercise: Autoradiographic assessment of gaba(a) and mu-opioid receptor binding in adult rats","volume":"196","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.058","article-title":"Chronic aerobic exercise: Lack of effect on brain cb1 receptor levels in adult rats","volume":"230","author":"Swenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19111","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8088","article-title":"Dopamine d2 gene expression interacts with environmental enrichment to impact lifespan and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Thanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00919","article-title":"Dopamine and glucose, obesity, and reward deficiency syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117252","article-title":"Psychostimulant use disorder emphasizing methamphetamine and the opioid -dopamine connection: Digging out of a hypodopaminergic ditch","volume":"420","author":"Blum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.17756\/jrdsas.2016-023","article-title":"Hypothesizing that, a pro-dopamine regulator (kb220z) should optimize, but not hyper-activate the activity of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (taar-1) and induce anti-craving of psychostimulants in the long-term","volume":"2","author":"Blum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reward Defic. Syndr. Addict. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"318","article-title":"Can chronic consumption of caffeine by increasing d2\/d3 receptors offer benefit to carriers of the drd2 a1 allele in cocaine abuse?","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2019","journal-title":"EC Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.041","article-title":"Genotrim, a DNA-customized nutrigenomic product, targets genetic factors of obesity: Hypothesizing a dopamine-glucose correlation demonstrating reward deficiency syndrome (rds)","volume":"68","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/12\/1976\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:01Z","timestamp":1760146201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/12\/12\/1976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm12121976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12121976","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}