{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:21:59Z","timestamp":1789662119978,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) having a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) could be very difficult to treat with standard psychotherapeutic approaches. Some children diagnosed with ADHD may have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or have had experienced a significant traumatic event. Trauma and PTSD could exacerbate ADHD core symptoms and be a risk factor of poor outcome response. Objective: to report for the first time the history of a patient with ADHD and ACE successfully treated with an EMDR approach. Conclusion: EMDR could be a promising treatment for ADHD children with a history of traumatic experiences in addition to pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T02:01:02Z","timestamp":1674439262000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a Possible Evidence-Based Rehabilitation Treatment Option for a Patient with ADHD and History of Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Case Report Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Clotilde","family":"Guidetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Brogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operative Unit Prevention and Early Interventions (PIPSM), Department of Mental Health ASL ROMA 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Chieffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department Women Children and Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Turrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azzurra","family":"Rausa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rolleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Santomassimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operative Unit Prevention and Early Interventions (PIPSM), Department of Mental Health ASL ROMA 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operative Unit Prevention and Early Interventions (PIPSM), Department of Mental Health ASL ROMA 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Operative Unit Prevention and Early Interventions (PIPSM), Department of Mental Health ASL ROMA 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Brogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Petruccelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Publication.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.097","article-title":"Biomarkers of adverse childhood experiences: A scoping review","volume":"269","author":"Deighton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00420","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan","volume":"9","author":"Herzog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12996","article-title":"Annual research review: Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective","volume":"60","author":"Weems","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2021.03.009","article-title":"Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity","volume":"21","author":"Crouch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104884","article-title":"Defining the role of exposure to ACEs in ADHD: Examination in a national sample of US children","volume":"112","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.12.009","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample","volume":"17","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21719","article-title":"Child physical abuse and adult mental health: A national study","volume":"25","author":"Sugaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13352","article-title":"ADHD and risk for subsequent adverse childhood experiences: Understanding the cycle of adversity","volume":"62","author":"Corbeil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.12.001","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00084-1","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood post traumatic stress disorder","volume":"20","author":"Famularo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716677818","article-title":"The Assessment of the Relationship Between ADHD and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Child and Adolescent Patients","volume":"23","author":"Karakaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.3.483","article-title":"Neuropsychological Function in Children With Maltreatment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"159","author":"Beers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation","volume":"104","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710329105","article-title":"Neuro-anatomic evidence for the maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD","volume":"104","author":"Rubia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.08.013","article-title":"Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559500005003001","article-title":"Child Maltreatment, other Trauma Exposure, and Posttraumatic Symptomatology among Children with Oppositional Defiant and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Ford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470400800102","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Is ADHD a vulnerability factor?","volume":"8","author":"Adler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schore, A.N. (2015). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self, The Neurobiology of Emotional Development, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315680019"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gross, J.J. (2014). Handbook of Emotion Regulation, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Executive Dysfunctions: The Role in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Post-traumatic Stress Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Prada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imi\u0107, G., Tkal\u010di\u0107, M., Vuki\u0107, V., Mulc, D., \u0160pani\u0107, E., \u0160agud, M.R., and Hof, P. (2021). Understanding emotions: Origins and roles of the amygdala. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060823"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4365","article-title":"Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in primary care: A cautionary note","volume":"323","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2020.312.162","article-title":"Neurobiology of emotional trauma","volume":"31","author":"Giotakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.197","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care: The future of health care","volume":"79","author":"Oral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6163.2006.00058.x","article-title":"An Adult with Childhood Medical Trauma Treated with Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and EMDR: A Case Study","volume":"42","author":"Broad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1891\/1933-3196.2.4.315","article-title":"EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing ModelPotential Mechanisms of Change","volume":"2","author":"Solomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. EMDR Pr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00213","article-title":"EMDR therapy for PTSD after motor vehicle accidents: Meta-analytic evidence for specific treatment","volume":"9","author":"Boccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1891\/1933-3196.1.1.24","article-title":"Changes in the Regional Cerebral Perfusion After Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A SPECT Study of Two Cases","volume":"1","author":"Oh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. EMDR Pr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"6","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomical correlates of traumatic stress revisited 7 years later, this time with data","volume":"37","author":"Bremner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01935","article-title":"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Slow Wave Sleep: A Putative Mechanism of Action","volume":"8","author":"Pagani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Van der Kolk, B. (2015). Corpo Accusa il Colpo: Mente, Corpo e Cervello Nell\u2019elaborazione delle Memorie Traumatiche, Raffaello Cortina Editore."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01424","article-title":"The Affective Core of the Self: A Neuro-Archetypical Perspective on the Foundations of Human (and Animal) Subjectivity","volume":"8","author":"Alcaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:13:48Z","timestamp":1760120028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13020200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13020200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]}}}