{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:18:58Z","timestamp":1790813938103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81671309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671309"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81971229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971229"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CYS17148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS17148"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Nature Science Foundation of Tibet","award":["81671309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671309"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Nature Science Foundation of Tibet","award":["81971229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971229"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Nature Science Foundation of Tibet","award":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Nature Science Foundation of Tibet","award":["CYS17148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS17148"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing","award":["81671309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671309"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing","award":["81971229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971229"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing","award":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ2017ZR-ZY026"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing","award":["CYS17148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYS17148"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activated microglia act as a double-edged sword for stroke. In the acute phase of stroke, activated microglia might deteriorate neurological function. Therefore, it is of great clinical transforming potential to explore drugs or methods that can inhibit abnormal activation of microglia in the acute phase of stroke to improve neurological function after stroke. Resveratrol has a potential effect of regulating microglial activation and anti-inflammation. However, the molecular mechanism of resveratrol-inhibiting microglial activation has not been fully clarified. Smoothened (Smo) belongs to the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Smo activation is the critical step that transmits the Hh signal across the primary cilia to the cytoplasm. Moreover, activated Smo can improve neurological function via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, axonal remodeling, and so on. More studies have indicated that resveratrol can activate Smo. However, it is currently unknown whether resveratrol inhibits microglial activation via Smo. Therefore, in this study, N9 microglia in vitro and mice in vivo were used to investigate whether resveratrol inhibited microglial activation after oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation (OGD\/R) or middle cerebral artery occlusion\/reperfusion (MCAO\/R) injury and improved functional outcome via triggering translocation of Smo in primary cilia. We definitively found that microglia had primary cilia; resveratrol partially inhibited activation and inflammation of microglia, improved functional outcome after OGD\/R and MCAO\/R injury, and triggered translocation of Smo to primary cilia. On the contrary, Smo antagonist cyclopamine canceled the above effects of resveratrol. The study suggested that Smo receptor might be a therapeutic target of resveratrol for contributing to inhibit microglial activation in the acute phase of stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1675218543000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Resveratrol Inhibits Activation of Microglia after Stroke through Triggering Translocation of Smo to Primary Cilia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiagui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Longevity District People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 401220, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4040-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0242-x","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0463-1","article-title":"Microglia and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005","article-title":"The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"157","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, T., Xiao, D., Muhammed, A., Deng, J., Chen, L., and He, J. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Action and Mechanisms of Resveratrol. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010229"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9839-9","article-title":"Resveratrol and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanistic Insights","volume":"54","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1021\/cn400094w","article-title":"Neuroprotective Properties and Mechanisms of Resveratrol in in Vitro and in Vivo Experimental Cerebral Stroke Models","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, J.-H., Sethi, G., Um, J.-Y., Shanmugam, M.K., Arfuso, F., Kumar, A.P., Bishayee, A., and Ahn, K.S. (2017). The Role of Resveratrol in Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122589"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1159\/000374009","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Mediates Resveratrol to Increase Proliferation of Neural Stem Cells after Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation\/Reoxygenation Injury in Vitro","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1159\/000481611","article-title":"Resveratrol Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenesis Via Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation\/Reoxygenation Injury","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9639-7","article-title":"Resveratrol Pretreatment Decreases Ischemic Injury and Improves Neurological Function Via Sonic Hedgehog Signaling After Stroke in Rats","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0561-8","article-title":"Resveratrol pretreatment attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by upregulating ex-pression of transcription factor Nrf2 and HO-1 in rats","volume":"36","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.511","article-title":"Resveratrol reduces morphine tol-erance by inhibiting microglial activation via AMPK signalling","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0550-6","article-title":"Resveratrol suppresses glial activation and alleviates trigeminal neuralgia via activation of AMPK","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8791832","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8791832","article-title":"Resveratrol Attenuates Microglial Activation via SIRT1-SOCS1 Pathway","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00611","article-title":"Resveratrol Attenuates Early Brain Injury after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.S., Li, W., Wu, Q., Wu, L.Y., Ye, Z.N., Liu, J.P., Zhuang, Z., Zhou, M.L., Zhang, X., and Hang, C.H. (2016). Resveratrol Attenuates Acute In-flammatory Injury in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Inhibition of TLR4 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081331"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2018.07.007","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates ethanol-induced neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro: Involvement of TLR2-MyD88-NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"103","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.03.047","article-title":"Inhibitive Effect of Resveratrol on the Inflammation in Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia Induced by Abeta1-42","volume":"379","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.05.033","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog Activates Phospholipase A2 to Enhance Smoothened Ciliary Translocation","volume":"19","author":"Arensdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.018","article-title":"Intrinsic facilitation of adult peripheral nerve regeneration by the Sonic hedgehog morphogen","volume":"271","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008","article-title":"Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders","volume":"74","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3598","article-title":"The mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling and its roles in development and disease","volume":"14","author":"Briscoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2984","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of Hedgehog signalling across the metazoa","volume":"12","author":"Ingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23343","article-title":"Primary cilia mediate sonic hedgehog signaling to regulate neu-ronal-like differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells for resveratrol induction in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.03.004","article-title":"Anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic effects mediate functional improvement by sonic hedgehog against focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"247","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyu071","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu071","article-title":"Learning induces sonic hedgehog signaling in the amygdala which promotes neurogenesis and long-term memory formation","volume":"18","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.10.010","article-title":"Postnatal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) responsive cells give rise to oligodendrocyte lineage cells during myelination and in adulthood contribute to remyelination","volume":"299","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16126","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1360-15.2015","article-title":"Dendrosomatic Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Hip-pocampal Neurons Regulates Axon Elongation","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.41","article-title":"Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Increase Oligodendrogenesis after Stroke","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26367","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog signaling mediates resveratrol to improve maturation of pig oocytes in vitro and subsequent preimplantation embryo development","volume":"233","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"4038","article-title":"Mouse model of intraluminal MCAO. Cerebral infarct evaluation by cresyl violet staining","volume":"69","author":"Rousselet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5670","article-title":"Resveratrol pretreatment attenuates injury and promotes prolif-eration of neural stem cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation by upregulating the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.1.84","article-title":"Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats","volume":"20","author":"Longa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.3.472","article-title":"Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: Evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination","volume":"17","author":"Bederson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.4.1005","article-title":"Therapeutic Benefit of Intravenous Administration of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells After Cerebral Ischemia in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaito, A., Posadino, A.M., Younes, N., Hasan, H., Halabi, S., Alhababi, D., Al-Mohannadi, A., Abdel-Rahman, W.M., Eid, A.H., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2020). Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062084"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2016.2345","article-title":"Resveratrol Exerts Dos-age-Dependent Effects on the Self-Renewal and Neural Differentiation of hUC-MSCs","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Chen, L., Zhu, F., Han, X., Sun, L., and Chen, K. (2019). The Cytotoxicity Effect of Resveratrol: Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Apoptosis of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120731"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22865","article-title":"Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is enhanced in low pH environments associated with cancer","volume":"227","author":"Shamim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuda, M., Ogasawara, Y., Hayashi, H., Inoue, K., and Sakashita, H. (2022). Resveratrol Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Autophagy by Blocking SREBP1 Expression in Oral Cancer Cells. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238250"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/2000656X.2020.1771719","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by targeting HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"54","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plast. Surg. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pintus, G., Shaito, A., Al-Mansoob, M., Ahmad, S.M., Haider, M.Z., Eid, A.H., Posadino, A.M., and Giordo, R. (2022). Resveratrol-mediated regulation of mitochondria biogenesis-associated pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular insights and potential therapeutic applications. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666221012122855"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8983752","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8983752","article-title":"Effects of Resveratrol on the Mechanisms of Antioxidants and Estrogen in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-022-00719-1","article-title":"The preventive use of resveratrol increases its antioxidant effect by SIRT1 and subclinical anti-inflammatory action in Neuro-2A cells","volume":"58","author":"Lara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1990462","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits neural apoptosis and regulates RAX\/P-PKR expression in retina of diabetic rats","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.06.001","article-title":"Resveratrol provides neuroprotection by regulating the JAK2\/STAT3\/PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway after stroke in rats","volume":"5","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pala, R., Alomari, N., and Nauli, S.M. (2017). Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112272"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804558105","article-title":"Primary cilia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis by mediating sonic hedgehog signaling","volume":"105","author":"Breunig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2059","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling and primary cilia are required for the formation of adult neural stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01657.x","article-title":"Enteric neurons show a primary cilium","volume":"17","author":"Luesma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1036-z","article-title":"Quantitative Comparison of Primary Cilia Marker Expression and Length in the Mouse Brain","volume":"64","author":"Sipos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.08.034","article-title":"Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened","volume":"72","author":"Raleigh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1355-4","article-title":"Smoothened stimulation by membrane sterols drives Hedgehog pathway activity","volume":"571","author":"Deshpande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1159\/000494593","article-title":"Resveratrol Activated Sonic Hedgehog Signaling to Enhance Viability of NIH3T3 Cells in Vitro via Regulation of Sirt1","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:42Z","timestamp":1760120442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13020268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13020268","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}}}