{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T14:38:35Z","timestamp":1780756715918,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive segmental glomerulosclerosis is acknowledged as a characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). It is a major health issue that exponentially reduces health and economy and also causes serious morbidity and mortality across the globe. This review is aimed at comprehending the health perspectives of L-Carnitine (LC) as an adjuvant regimen for alleviating CKD and its associated complications. The data were gathered from different online databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using keywords such as CKD\/Kidney disease, current epidemiology and its prevalence, LC supplementations, sources of LC, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of LC and its supplementation for mimicking the CKD and its associated problem, etc. Various items of literature concerning CKD were gathered and screened by experts based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings suggest that, among the different comorbidities such as oxidative stress and inflammatory stress, erythropoietin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, muscle weakness, myalgia, etc., are considered as the most significant onset symptoms in CKD or hemodialysis patients. LC or creatine supplementation provides an effective adjuvant or therapeutic regimen that significantly reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress and erythropoietin-resistant anemia and evades comorbidities such as tiredness, impaired cognition, muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle wasting. However, no significant changes were found in biochemical alteration such as creatinine, uric acid, urea, etc., after creatine supplementation in a patient with renal dysfunction. The expert-recommended dose of LC or creatine to a patient is approached for better outcomes of LC as a nutritional therapy regimen for CKD-associated complications. Hence, it can be suggested that LC provides an effective nutritional therapy to ameliorate impaired biochemicals and kidney function and to treat CKD and its associated complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:29:08Z","timestamp":1675823348000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["L-Carnitine and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Nutrition and Health Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bharti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John\u2019s University, New York, NY 11439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101839","article-title":"Nephroprotective Potential of Sharbat-e-Bazoori Motadil (Sugar-Free) in HEK-293 Cells and Wistar Rats against Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapa, S.F., Di Iorio, B.R., Campiglia, P., Heidland, A., and Marzocco, S. (2020). Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010263"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.008","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Nephron Protective AYUSH Drugs as Constituents of NEERI-KFT (A Traditional Indian Polyherbal Formulation) for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"28","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab149","article-title":"The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) Study: Baseline Characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyanage, T., Toyama, T., Hockham, C., Ninomiya, T., Perkovic, V., Woodward, M., Fukagawa, M., Matsushita, K., Praditpornsilpa, K., and Hooi, L.S. (2022). Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Asia: A Systematic Review and Analysis. BMJ Glob. Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007525"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-1064-1","article-title":"Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"79","author":"Pugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-015-0001-9","article-title":"Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"1","author":"Hahr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.11.013","article-title":"Depression in CKD: Understanding the Mechanisms of Disease","volume":"4","author":"Shirazian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gai, Z., Wang, T., Visentin, M., Kullak-Ublick, G.A., Fu, X., and Wang, Z. (2019). Lipid Accumulation and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040722"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, J.T., Sullivan, J., Van Eijndhoven, E., Hansen, M.K., Bellosillo, N., Neslusan, C., O\u2019Brien, E., Riley, R., Seabury, S., and Kasiske, B.L. (2019). Lifetime Benefits of Early Detection and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217487"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.67","article-title":"The next Generation of Therapeutics for Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"15","author":"Matthew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2383508","article-title":"Patient Awareness, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Patients at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia","volume":"2019","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S212953","article-title":"The Use of Herbal Medicines among Chronic Disease Patients in Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"12","author":"Peltzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14018","article-title":"A Metabolomics-Based Molecular Pathway Analysis of How the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin May Slow Kidney Function Decline in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Mulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, X., Jiang, N., Guo, L., Wang, C., Li, J., Liu, X., Zhu, B., Cai, R., Chen, Y., and Wang, T. (2020). Protective Effects and Metabolic Regulatory Mechanisms of Shenyan Fangshuai Recipe on Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5603243"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200405000-00013","article-title":"L-Carnitine Ameliorates Oxidative Damage Due to Chronic Renal Failure in Rats","volume":"43","author":"Alican","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04336.x","article-title":"Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.224.209","article-title":"Single Dose Administration of L-Carnitine Improves Antioxidant Activities in Healthy Subjects","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.10.017","article-title":"L-Carnitine Supplementation as a Potential Antioxidant Therapy for Inherited Neurometabolic Disorders","volume":"533","author":"Ribas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021). L-Carnitine Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Process (Bioprocess, Chemical Synthesis), by Product (Food & Pharmaceutical Grade, Feed Grade), by Application, by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2021\u20132028, Grand View Research, Inc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD013601","article-title":"Carnitine Supplements for People with Chronic Kidney Disease Requiring Dialysis","volume":"12","author":"Nishioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-9-33","article-title":"Creatine Supplementation with Specific View to Exercise\/Sports Performance: An Update","volume":"9","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.J., Lin, J.S., Lin, Y.C., and Lin, P.T. (2014). Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutr. J., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-79"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, A., Tsikas, D., and Bakker, S.J.L. (2019). Creatine Is a Conditionally Essential Nutrient in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Hypothesis and Narrative Literature Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051044"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113080","article-title":"Investigation on Protective Effect of Terminalia Bellirica (Roxb.) against Drugs Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats","volume":"261","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.04.021","article-title":"Creatinine Downregulates TNF-\u03b1 in Macrophage and T Cell Lines","volume":"110","author":"Riesberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)77835-1","article-title":"Renal Dysfunction Accompanying Oral Creatine Supplements","volume":"352","author":"Pritchard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050291","article-title":"Effect of Short-Term Creatine Supplementation on Renal Responses in Men","volume":"76","author":"Poortmans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0830367","article-title":"Elevation of Creatine in Resting and Exercised Muscle of Normal Subjects by Creatine Supplementation","volume":"83","author":"Harris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"343","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of L-Carnitine","volume":"13","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"605","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Creatine Supplementation in Endothelial Cells in Vitro","volume":"89","author":"Nomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.06.012","article-title":"Creatine Supplementation Attenuates Pulmonary and Systemic Effects of Lung Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury","volume":"35","author":"Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hear. Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.05.004","article-title":"Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pertille","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.036","article-title":"L-Carnitine Improves Cognitive and Renal Functions in a Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"164","author":"Armaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturm, M., Herebian, D., Mueller, M., Laryea, M.D., and Spiekerkoetter, U. (2012). Functional Effects of Different Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Genotypes and Identification of Asymptomatic Variants. PLoS ONE, 2012.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045110"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeda, M., Takahashi, K., Ohtake, T., Imoto, R., Kawakami, H., Hayashi, M., and Takenoa, S. (2021). A Futile Metabolic Cycle of Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A (Acyl-CoA) Hydrolysis and Resynthesis in Corynebacterium Glutamicum and Its Disruption Leading to Fatty Acid Production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 87.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02469-20"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120210109","article-title":"A Common X-Linked Inborn Error of Carnitine Biosynthesis May Be a Risk Factor for Nondysmorphic Autism","volume":"109","author":"Violante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.035","article-title":"Low Cardiac Content of Long-Chain Acylcarnitines in TMLHE Knockout Mice Prevents Ischaemia-Reperfusion-Induced Mitochondrial and Cardiac Damage","volume":"177","author":"Liepinsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlegel, G., Keller, J., Hirche, F., Gei\u00dfler, S., Schwarz, F.J., Ringseis, R., Stangl, G.I., and Eder, K. (2012). Expression of Genes Involved in Hepatic Carnitine Synthesis and Uptake in Dairy Cows in the Transition Period and at Different Stages of Lactation. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-28"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"554","article-title":"Vitamin C as a Therapeutic Healing Agent","volume":"12","author":"Vinishdharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Invent. Today"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9343","article-title":"Carnitine Biosynthesis: Identification of the CDNA Encoding Human \u03b3-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase","volume":"250","author":"Vaz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105607","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2105607","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From a Mitochondrial Point of View","volume":"2019","author":"Cenini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4005-4","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"34","author":"Daenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duni, A., Liakopoulos, V., Roumeliotis, S., Peschos, D., and Dounousi, E. (2019). Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Evolution of Chronic Kidney Disease: Untangling Ariadne\u2019s Thread. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153711"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"25","article-title":"Adaptive Response and Oxidative Stress","volume":"102","author":"Crawford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"4760","article-title":"The NADPH Oxidase Nox3 Constitutively Produces Superoxide in a P22 Phox-Dependent Manner: Its Regulation by Oxidase Organizers and Activators","volume":"286","author":"Ueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/383443a0","article-title":"TRAF6 Is a Signal Transducer for Interleukin-1","volume":"383","author":"Cao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.89","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases: An Overview from Structure to Innate Immunity-Associated Pathologies","volume":"12","author":"Panday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Damage and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7025251","article-title":"Inflammatory and Fibrotic Mediators in Renal Diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Goldschmeding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko, N., Kurata, M., Yamamoto, T., Morikawa, S., and Masumoto, J. (2019). The Role of Interleukin-1 in General Pathology. Inflamm. Regen., 39.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-019-0101-5"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.07.003","article-title":"Protective Role of Apigenin in Cisplatin-Induced Renal Injury","volume":"789","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Rsk-2 Activity Is Necessary for Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Phosphorylation of CREB Protein and Transcription of c-Fos Gene","volume":"95","author":"Jacquot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-10","article-title":"Activation and Function of the MAPKs and Their Substrates, the MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases","volume":"75","author":"Cargnello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5311","article-title":"Inhibition of MAPK Kinase Signaling Pathways Suppressed Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth and Angiogenesis in Vivo","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, D., Singla, S.K., Puri, V., and Puri, S. (2015). The Restrained Expression of NF-KB in Renal Tissue Ameliorates Folic Acid Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115947"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, N., Thaiss, F., and Guo, L. (2019). NF\u03baB and Kidney Injury. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00815"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Sun, S.C. (2015). NF-\u039aB in Inflammation and Renal Diseases. Cell Biosci., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-015-0056-4"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., An, J.N., Hwang, J.H., Lee, H., Lee, J.P., and Kim, S.G. (2019). P38 MAPK Activity Is Associated with the Histological Degree of Interstitial Fibrosis in IgA Nephropathy Patients. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213981"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Wang, N., Xu, Y., Tan, H.Y., Li, S., and Feng, Y. (2018). Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Oxidative Stress-Associated Liver Injury Induced by Chinese Herbal Medicine: An Experimental Evidence-Based Literature Review and Network Pharmacology Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092745"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtzeborn, K., Kwon, H.N., and Kuure, S. (2019). MAPK\/ERK Signaling in Regulation of Renal Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201903.0138.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.09.182","article-title":"Natural Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Disease","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshapa, F.T., Riches-Suman, K., and Palmer, T.M. (2019). Therapeutic Targeting of the Proinflammatory IL-6-JAK\/STAT Signalling Pathways Responsible for Vascular Restenosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiol. Res. Pract., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9846312"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.06.050","article-title":"The Role of the Janus Kinase Family\/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Pathway in Fibrotic Renal Disease","volume":"178","author":"Matsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alunno, A., Padjen, I., Fanouriakis, A., and Boumpas, D.T. (2019). Pathogenic and Therapeutic Relevance of JAK\/STAT Signaling in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Integration of Distinct Inflammatory Pathways and the Prospect of Their Inhibition with an Oral Agent. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080898"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00412-w","article-title":"Common Questions and Misconceptions about Creatine Supplementation: What Does the Scientific Evidence Really Show?","volume":"18","author":"Antonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-7-7","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Safety and Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation in Exercise, Sport, and Medicine","volume":"7","author":"Kreider","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buford, T.W., Kreider, R.B., Stout, J.R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., Ziegenfuss, T., Lopez, H., Landis, J., and Antonio, J. (2007). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Creatine Supplementation and Exercise. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-4-6"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilborn, C.D., and Willoughby, D.S. (2004). The Role of Dietary Protein Intake and Resistance Training on Myosin Heavy Chain Expression. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-1-2-27"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.08.001","article-title":"Urinary CD80 Discriminates Among Glomerular Disease Types and Reflects Disease Activity","volume":"5","author":"Lieske","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayachandran, M., Yuzhakov, S.V., Kumar, S., Larson, N.B., Enders, F.T., Milliner, D.S., Rule, A.D., and Lieske, J.C. (2020). Specific Populations of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles and Proteins Differentiate Type 1 Primary Hyperoxaluria Patients without and with Nephrocalcinosis or Kidney Stones. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01607-1"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshani, M., Alikiaii, B., Askari, G., Yahyapoor, F., Ferns, G.A., and Bagherniya, M. (2022). The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Inflammatory Factors, Oxidative Stress, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Sepsis Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Study Protocol for a Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Trials, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06077-3"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114743","article-title":"Potential Nephroprotective Phytochemicals: Mechanism and Future Prospects","volume":"283","author":"Basist","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effects of Carnitine on Nutritional Parameters in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Feizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139X.2001.00055.x","article-title":"L-Carnitine in Dialysis Patients","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seminars in Dialysis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashima, H., Maruyama, T., and Abe, M. (2021). Significance of Levocarnitine Treatment in Dialysis Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041219"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.335174","article-title":"Effect of L-Carnitine on Potassium Dichromate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Modulation of PI3K\/AKT Signaling Pathway","volume":"17","author":"Salama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:27:31Z","timestamp":1760120851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13020298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13020298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}}}