{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T22:57:02Z","timestamp":1782687422984,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-1077329D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1077329D"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-1077311C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1077311C"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-1107202C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1107202C"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-1117202C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1117202C"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-1127203C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1127203C"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TCVGH-T1127801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-T1127801"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TYVH-10808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10808"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TYVH-10809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10809"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH)","award":["TYVH-10902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10902"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-1077329D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1077329D"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-1077311C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1077311C"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-1107202C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1107202C"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-1117202C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1117202C"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-1127203C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1127203C"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TCVGH-T1127801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-T1127801"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TYVH-10808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10808"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TYVH-10809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10809"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan branch","award":["TYVH-10902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYVH-10902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Emphysematous cystitis (EC) is a complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) characterized by gas formation within the bladder wall and lumen. Immunocompetent people are less likely to suffer from complicated UTIs, but EC usually occurs in women with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM). Other risk factors of EC include recurrent UTI, neurogenic bladder disorder, blood supply disorders, and prolonged catheterization, but DM is still the most important of all aspects. Our study investigated clinical scores in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with EC. Our analysis is unique in predicting EC clinical outcomes by using scoring system performance. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected EC patient data from the electronic clinical database of Taichung Veterans General Hospital between January 2007 and December 2020. Urinary cultures and computerized tomography confirmed EC. In addition, we investigated the demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data for analysis. Finally, we used a variety of clinical scoring systems as a predictor of clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 35 patients had confirmed EC, including 11 males (31.4%) and 24 females (68.6%), with a mean age of 69.1 \u00b1 11.4 years. Their hospital stay averaged 19.9 \u00b1 15.5 days. The in-hospital mortality rate was 22.9%. The Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score was 5.4 \u00b1 4.7 for survivors and 11.8 \u00b1 5.3 for non-survivors (p = 0.005). For mortality risk prediction, the AUC of ROC was 0.819 for MEDS and 0.685 for Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS). The hazard ratio of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of REMS for EC patients was1.457 (p = 0.011) and 1.374 (p = 0.025), respectively. Conclusion: Physicians must pay attention to high-risk patients according to clinical clues and arrange imaging studies as soon as possible to confirm the diagnosis of EC. MEDS and REMS are helpful for clinical staff in predicting the clinical outcome of EC patients. If EC patients feature higher scores of MEDS (\u226512) and REMS (\u226510), they will have higher mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T03:28:46Z","timestamp":1676258926000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Scoring Systems to Evaluate the Mortality Risk of Patients with Emphysematous Cystitis: A Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9026-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Shun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Yuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Che","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-An","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1148\/59.1.63","article-title":"Primary pneumaturia, with a report of two cases","volume":"59","author":"Finemans","year":"1952","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06930.x","article-title":"Emphysematous cystitis: A review of 135 cases","volume":"100","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4103\/UA.UA_61_20","article-title":"Emphysematous cystitis: A case report and literature review of 113 cases","volume":"13","author":"Ranjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. 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