{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:06:01Z","timestamp":1779145561695,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Electronic Waveform Lab Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The North American opioid epidemic has resulted in over 800,000 related premature overdose fatalities since 2000, with the United States leading the world in highest opioid deaths per capita. Despite increased federal funding in recent years, intended to address this crisis, opioid overdose mortality has continued to increase. Legally prescribed opioids also chronically induce a problematic reduction in affect. While an ideal analgesic has yet to be developed, some effective multimodal non-opioid pharmacological regimens for acute pain management are being more widely utilized. Some investigators have suggested that a safer and more scientifically sound approach might be to induce \u201cdopamine homeostasis\u201d through non-pharmacological approaches, since opioid use even for acute pain of short duration is now being strongly questioned. There is also increasing evidence suggesting that some more robust forms of electrotherapy could be applied as an effective adjunct to avoid the problems associated with opioids. This 4-patient case-series presents such an approach to treatment of severe pain. All 4 of these chiropractic treatment cases involved a component of knee osteoarthritis, in addition to other reported areas of pain. Each patient engaged in a home recovery strategy using H-Wave\u00ae device stimulation (HWDS) to address residual extremity issues following treatment of spinal subluxation and other standard treatments. A simple statistical analysis was conducted to determine the change in pain scores (Visual Analogue Scale) of pre and post electrotherapy treatments, resulting in significant reductions in self-reported pain (p-value = 0.0002). Three of the four patients continued using the home therapy device long-term as determined by a post-analysis questionnaire. This small case-series demonstrated notably positive outcomes, suggesting consideration of home use of HWDS for safe, non-pharmacological and non-addictive treatment of severe pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T05:12:26Z","timestamp":1676437946000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Positive Clinical Outcomes for Severe Reported Pain Using Robust Non-Addictive Home Electrotherapy\u2014A Case-Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anish","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chiropractic, Cleveland University Health Sciences, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA"},{"name":"Bajaj Chiropractic, New York, NY 10010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Elman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panayotis K.","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Dennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra D.","family":"Badgaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdalla","family":"Bowirrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debmalya","family":"Barh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, India"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Health & Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"},{"name":"Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-008-9056-1","article-title":"Opioid Tolerance Development: A Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Dumas","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000166","article-title":"American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use","volume":"9","author":"Kampman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2021-0026","article-title":"Overcoming reward deficiency syndrome by the induction of \u201cdopamine homeostasis\u201d instead of opioids for addiction: Illusion or reality?","volume":"122","author":"Blum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Osteopath Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, E., Han, D., Dumouchel, P., Dehak, N., Quatieri, T., Moehs, C., Oscar-Berman, M., Giordano, J., Simpatico, T., and Barh, D. (2013). Long term Suboxone\u2122 emotional reactivity as measured by automatic detection in speech. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/be0b3a26-c1bc-4d92-98c1-c516acc8dcf2"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Summary Document Research on RDS Anti-addiction Modeling: Annotated Bibliography","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, K., Dennen, C.A., Elman, I., Bowirrat, A., Thanos, P.K., Badgaiyan, R.D., Downs, B.W., Bagchi, D., Baron, D., and Braverman, E.R. (2022). Should Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Be Considered an Umbrella Disorder for Mental Illness and Associated Genetic and Epigenetic Induced Dysregulation of Brain Reward Circuitry?. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101719"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, K., McLaughlin, T., Bowirrat, A., Modestino, E.J., Baron, D., Gomez, L.L., Ceccanti, M., Braverman, E.R., Thanos, P.K., and Cadet, J.L. (2022). Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Surprisingly Is Evolutionary and Found Everywhere: Is It \u201cBlowin\u2019 in the Wind\u201d?. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020321"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, K., Bowirrat, A., Braverman, E.R., Baron, D., Cadet, J.L., Kazmi, S., Elman, I., Thanos, P.K., Badgaiyan, R.D., and Downs, W.B. (2021). Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Cytoarchitectural Common Neurobiological Trait of All Addictions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111529"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211069102","article-title":"Development and validation of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29)","volume":"36","author":"Hende","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braverman, E.R., Dennen, C.A., Gold, M.S., Bowirrat, A., Gupta, A., Baron, D., Roy, A.K., Smith, D.E., Cadet, J.L., and Blum, K. (2022). Proposing a \u201cBrain Health Checkup (BHC)\u201d as a Global Potential \u201cStandard of Care\u201d to Overcome Reward Dysregulation in Primary Care Medicine: Coupling Genetic Risk Testing and Induction of \u201cDopamine Homeostasis\u201d. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095480"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215240","article-title":"A Proposed Brain-, Spine-, and Mental- Health Screening Methodology (NEUROSCREEN) for Healthcare Systems: Position of the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics","volume":"86","author":"Nami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e11798","article-title":"Combining Ketamine, Brain Stimulation (rTMS) and Mindfulness Therapy (TIMBER) for Opioid Addiction","volume":"12","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117149","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and other forms of neuromodulation for substance use disorders: Review of modalities and implications for treatment","volume":"418","author":"Mahoney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23170","article-title":"A mental health professional survey of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of opioid use disorder","volume":"77","author":"Lent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2019.1585499","article-title":"Implementation of a Mindfulness Intervention for Women in Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder and Its Effects on Depression Symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.004","article-title":"Unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation for opioid addiction in clinical practice: A clinical overview and case series","volume":"133","author":"Schiffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.05.020","article-title":"Spirituality and Quality of Life in Black Patients With Cancer Pain","volume":"56","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945913479452","article-title":"Spirituality, religiosity, depression, anxiety, and drug-use consequences during methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"35","author":"Piacentine","year":"2013","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-015-0168-5","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Association Between Religion\/Spirituality and Simultaneous Polysubstance Use (SPU)","volume":"55","author":"Acheampong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-008-9145-z","article-title":"Effect of religiosity and spirituality on drug treatment outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Conner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Behav. Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903035130","article-title":"A focus-group study on spirituality and substance-user treatment","volume":"45","author":"Heinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.06.014","article-title":"Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment","volume":"33","author":"Galanter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.012","article-title":"Raja yoga meditation and medication-assisted treatment for relapse prevention: A pilot study","volume":"96","author":"Mallik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"VC07","article-title":"Spiritual Well-Being and Associated Factors with Relapse in Opioid Addicts","volume":"11","author":"Noormohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711666180510164420","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Group Spiritual Intervention on Self-esteem and Happiness Among Men Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Alali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.17.2.159","article-title":"Spiritual beliefs, world assumptions, and HIV risk behavior among heroin and cocaine users","volume":"17","author":"Avants","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2021.1914281","article-title":"Spiritual Healing in a Hospice Veteran Led to a Successful Opioid Taper: A Case Report","volume":"35","author":"DiScala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"64","article-title":"Neurobiology and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.17756\/jrds.2015-007","article-title":"NIDA-Drug Addiction Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) Relapse as a Function of Spirituality\/Religiosity","volume":"1","author":"Schoenthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reward. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00215","article-title":"The neuroscientific study of spiritual practices","volume":"5","author":"Newberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1901885","article-title":"Can NSAIDs and Acetaminophen Effectively Replace Opioid Treatment Options for Acute Pain?","volume":"22","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajaj, A., Blum, K., Bowirrat, A., Gupta, A., Baron, D., Fugel, D., Nicholson, A., Fitch, T., Downs, B.W., and Bagchi, D. (2022). DNA Directed Pro-Dopamine Regulation Coupling Subluxation Repair, H-Wave\u00ae and Other Neurobiologically Based Modalities to Address Complexities of Chronic Pain in a Female Diagnosed with Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Emergence of Induction of \u201cDopamine Homeostasis\u201d in the Face of the Opioid Crisis. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091416"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Bowirrat, A., Gomez, L.L., Baron, D., Elman, I., Giordano, J., Jalali, R., Badgaiyan, R.D., Modestino, E.J., and Gold, M.S. (2022). Hypothesizing in the Face of the Opioid Crisis Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Testing with Electrotherapeutic Nonopioid Modalities Such as H-Wave Could Attenuate Both Pain and Hedonic Addictive Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010552"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, T.K., Rodriguez, H.C., Gonzaba, A., Poddar, N., Norwood, S.M., and Gupta, A. (2021). H-Wave\u00ae Device Stimulation: A Critical Review. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111134"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, T.K., Rodriguez, H.C., Han, D., Norwood, S.M., and Gupta, A. (2022). Job-Related Performance and Quality of Life Benefits in First Responders Given Access to H-Wave\u00ae Device Stimulation: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101674"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-008-0073-3","article-title":"The H-Wave\u00ae device is an effective and safe non-pharmacological analgesic for chronic pain: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"79","article-title":"Opioid-induced respiratory depression: Reversal by non-opioid drugs","volume":"6","author":"Roozekrans","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2008.12.18","article-title":"The H-Wave\u00ae Device Induces NO Dependent Augmented Microcirculation and Angiogenesis, Providing Both Analgesia and Tissue Healing in Sports Injuries","volume":"36","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.11.1702","article-title":"Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Amelioration of Pain With Transcutaneous Electrostimulation","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.8.1322","article-title":"Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Effectiveness of electrotherapy and amitriptyline for symptomatic relief","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(98)80109-9","article-title":"Beneficial effects of electrical stimulation on neuropathic symptoms in diabetes patients","volume":"37","author":"Julka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"161","article-title":"Can Genetic Testing Coupled with Enhanced Dopaminergic Activation Reduce Recidivism Rates in the Workers Compensation Legacy Cases?","volume":"2","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alcohol. Drug Depend."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01450.x","article-title":"A model to identify patients at risk for prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse","volume":"13","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.07.059","article-title":"Hypothesizing that brain reward circuitry genes are genetic antecedents of pain sensitivity and critical diagnostic and pharmacogenomic treatment targets for chronic pain conditions","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.033","article-title":"Reward deficiency and anti-reward in pain chronification","volume":"68","author":"Borsook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.027","article-title":"Common Brain Mechanisms of Chronic Pain and Addiction","volume":"89","author":"Elman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003","article-title":"Pain and suicidality: Insights from reward and addiction neuroscience","volume":"109","author":"Elman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001401","article-title":"When pain gets stuck: The evolution of pain chronification and treatment resistance","volume":"159","author":"Borsook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.02.003","article-title":"Pain and analgesia: The value of salience circuits","volume":"104","author":"Borsook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.005","article-title":"Reward-aversion circuitry in analgesia and pain: Implications for psychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Borsook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.07.004","article-title":"High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on chronic and provoked pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinh, A., Williamson, T.K., Han, D., Hazlewood, J.E., Norwood, S.M., and Gupta, A. (2023). Clinical and Quality of Life Benefits for End-Stage Workers\u2019 Compensation Chronic Pain Claimants following H-Wave\u00ae Device Stimulation: A Retrospective Observational Study with Mean 2-Year Follow-Up. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031148"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:28Z","timestamp":1760121388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/2\/336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13020336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13020336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}