{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:31:00Z","timestamp":1790627460531,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The literature lacks a reliable holistic approach for the three-dimensional (3D) assessment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) including all three adaptive processes, which are believed to contribute to the position of the mandible: (1) adaptive condylar changes, (2) glenoid fossa changes, and (3) condylar positional changes within the fossa. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to propose and assess the reliability of a semi-automatic approach for a 3D assessment of the TMJ from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) following orthognathic surgery. The TMJs were 3D reconstructed from a pair of superimposed pre- and postoperative (two years) CBCT scans, and spatially divided into sub-regions. The changes in the TMJ were calculated and quantified by morphovolumetrical measurements. To evaluate the reliability, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated at a 95% confidence interval on the measurements of two observers. The approach was deemed reliable if the ICC was good (&gt;0.60). Pre- and postoperative CBCT scans of ten subjects (nine female; one male; mean age 25.6 years) with class II malocclusion and maxillomandibular retrognathia, who underwent bimaxillary surgery, were assessed. The inter-observer reliability of the measurements on the sample of the twenty TMJs was good to excellent, ICC range (0.71\u20131.00). The range of the mean absolute difference of the repeated inter-observer condylar volumetric and distance measurements, glenoid fossa surface distance measurements, and change in minimum joint space distance measurements were (1.68% (1.58)\u20135.01% (3.85)), (0.09 mm (0.12)\u20130.25 mm (0.46)), (0.05 mm (0.05)\u20130.08 mm (0.06)) and (0.12 mm (0.09)\u20130.19 mm (0.18)), respectively. The proposed semi-automatic approach demonstrated good to excellent reliability for the holistic 3D assessment of the TMJ including all three adaptive processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1676520112000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Semi-Automatic Approach for Holistic 3D Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Boelstoft","family":"Holte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Lab Denmark, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Finsensgade 35, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Finsensgade 35, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"S\u00e6derup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Lab Denmark, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Finsensgade 35, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Else Marie","family":"Pinholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Lab Denmark, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Finsensgade 35, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Finsensgade 35, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.05.009","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis protocols for condylar remodelling following orthognathic surgery: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Verhelst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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