{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:50:16Z","timestamp":1792111816014,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inheritance and Innovation Team of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"]}]},{"name":"Inheritance and Innovation Team of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["15ZXLCSY00020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZXLCSY00020"]}]},{"name":"Inheritance and Innovation Team of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2021048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021048"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["15ZXLCSY00020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZXLCSY00020"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission","award":["2021048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021048"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine &amp; Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Project of Tianjin Municipal Health Commission and Tianjin Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYCXTD-C-202203"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine &amp; Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Project of Tianjin Municipal Health Commission and Tianjin Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["15ZXLCSY00020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZXLCSY00020"]}]},{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine &amp; Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Project of Tianjin Municipal Health Commission and Tianjin Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2021048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the critical structural alteration and pathological feature in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and involves changes in the intima, media and adventitia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling consists of the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the middle membranous pulmonary artery, as well as complex interactions involving external layer pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis and other factors in the vascular wall are influenced by different mechanisms that likely act in concert to drive disease progression. This article reviews these pathological changes and highlights some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the remodeling process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T03:29:06Z","timestamp":1676863746000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuangzhuang","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"},{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1140","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial 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