{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:10Z","timestamp":1760147770501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese State Natural Science Foundation","award":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Key R&amp;D Program","award":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"]}]},{"name":"Capital\u2019s Funds for Health Improvement and Research of China","award":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars\u2019 Scientific and Technological Innovation","award":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970798","2019YFC0118402","CFH-2020-2-40911","82201180","BMU2022PYB018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the reading characteristics of normal-sighted young adults using C-Read to provide baseline healthy population values. We also investigated the relationship between the National Eye Institute\u2019s Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25) score and reading ability, myopia, and hours of screen use, focusing on the extent to which these factors affect participants\u2019 visual function and, ultimately, their vision-related quality of life (QoL). Overall, 207 young, healthy participants (414 eyes) aged 18\u201335 years were tested for reading speed using C-Read connected to a smartphone-based application between December 2022 and January 2023. Each participant received a VFQ-25 questionnaire to evaluate vision-related QoL. Data on daily e-screen usage hours were collected. Among the participants, 91 (44.0%) were women; their mean (SD) age was 22.45 (4.01) years. The mean (SD) reading acuity (RA) was 0.242 (0.124), 0.249 (0.120), and 0.193 (0.104) logarithmic minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The mean (SD) maximum reading speed (MRS) was 171.65 (46.27), 168.59 (45.68), and 185.16 (44.93) words per minute (wpm) with the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The mean (SD) critical print size (CPS) was 0.412 (0.647), 0.371 (0.229), and 0.419 (1.05) logMAR per the right, left, and both eyes, respectively. The RA and CPS were significantly different between sexes (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001). MRS was significantly different between the education level (p = 0.005) and myopia level groups (p = 0.010); however, it was not clear whether this difference was confounded by age. The myopic power in diopters significantly affected RA (coefficient, \u22120.012; 95% CI, \u22120.018 to \u22120.006; p = 0.001); screen time significantly affected MRS (coefficient, 0.019; 95% CI, 0.57 to 6.33; p = 0.019). RA (coefficient, \u221221.41; 95% CI, \u221233.74 to \u22129.08; p = 0.001) and duration of screen use (coefficient, -0.86; 95% CI, \u22121.29 to \u22120.43; p &lt; 0.001) independently had a significantly negative correlation with VFQ-25 scores. Our findings provide a baseline value for C-Read in normal-sighted young adults. Refractive status significantly affected RA, while screen time significantly affected MRS. Interventions aimed at enhancing RA may have the potential to maximize vision-related QoL and enable older adults with impaired vision to achieve greater outcomes. Future, larger-scale, C-Read experiments will help provide newer, more optimal methods for the early diagnosis of visual impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1677726403000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using the C-Read as a Portable Device to Evaluate Reading Ability in Young Chinese Adults: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0497-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taikang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boxuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingge","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Cieza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13201","article-title":"The accuracy of reading speed measurement by stopwatch versus measurement with an automated computer program (rad-rd\u00a9)","volume":"95","author":"Radner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515841418776264","DOI":"10.1177\/2515841418776264","article-title":"Low vision services: A practical guide for the clinician","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12954","article-title":"Impact of refractive error on quality of life: A qualitative study","volume":"45","author":"Kandel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2566","article-title":"Demographic characteristics of the vision-disabled elderly","volume":"38","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.11.1616","article-title":"Submacular Surgery Trials Research Group Surgical removal vs. observation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, either associated with the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome or idiopathic: II. Quality-of-life findings from a randomized clinical trial: SST Group H Trial: SST Report No. 10","volume":"122","author":"Hawkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.10.58","article-title":"Bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ABC trial): Multicenter randomized double-masked study","volume":"3","author":"Ghazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080200056024","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity and reading through multifocal intraocular lenses","volume":"110","author":"Akutsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198912000-00008","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. VIII. The Minnesota low-vision reading test","volume":"66","author":"Legge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mansfield, J.S., Ahn, S.J., Legge, G.E., and Luebker, A. (1993). Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Optica Publishing Group. paper NSuD. 3."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034969","article-title":"A new reading chart for simultaneous determination of reading vision and reading speed","volume":"213","author":"Radner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001436","article-title":"Standardization of reading charts: A review of recent developments","volume":"96","author":"Radner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XV: Font effects in normal and low vision","volume":"37","author":"Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001081","article-title":"Developing a Logarithmic Chinese Reading Acuity Chart","volume":"94","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0443-5","article-title":"The validity and reliability of short German sentences for measuring reading speed","volume":"240","author":"Radner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.087379","article-title":"New standardised texts for assessing reading performance in four European languages","volume":"90","author":"Hahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.50880.1","article-title":"Digital screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: A public health concern","volume":"10","author":"Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410510632040","article-title":"Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"102","article-title":"Reading digital with low vision","volume":"50","author":"Legge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Visible Lang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305818","article-title":"Mobile app reading speed test","volume":"99","author":"Kingsnorth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/18.1.8","article-title":"Comparing performance on the MNREAD iPad application with the MNREAD acuity chart","volume":"18","author":"To","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"300","article-title":"Implementing the MNREAD Reading Acuity Test on an ipad3","volume":"200","author":"Calabrese","year":"2014","journal-title":"READING"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000972","article-title":"Reading Ability and Quality of Life in Stargardt Disease","volume":"27","author":"Murro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050","article-title":"Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"Mangione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"606","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 25-item NEI-VFQ in a Hispanic population: Proyecto VER","volume":"42","author":"Broman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0292","article-title":"Psychometric performance of the NEI VFQ-25 in visually normal Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"44","author":"Globe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-3-65","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), Japanese version","volume":"3","author":"Suzukamo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labiris, G., Katsanos, A., Fanariotis, M., Tsirouki, T., Pefkianaki, M., Chatzoulis, D., and Tsironi, E. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Greek version of the NEI-VFQ 25. BMC Ophthalmol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-8-4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.158428","article-title":"Development of a Chinese version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (CHI-VFQ-25) as a tool to study patients with eye diseases in Hong Kong","volume":"93","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198707000-00012","article-title":"A review and a suggested classification system for myopia on the basis of age-related prevalence and age of onset","volume":"64","author":"Grosvenor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.02.015","article-title":"Measuring reading performance","volume":"90","author":"Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2000.00524.x","article-title":"Oral and silent reading performance with macular degeneration","volume":"20","author":"Bowers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"375","article-title":"Eduard Jaeger\u2019s Test-Types (Schrift-Scalen) and the historical development of vision tests","volume":"98","author":"Runge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8284","article-title":"Standardized assessment of reading performance: The new international reading speed texts IReST","volume":"53","author":"Dietz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12228","article-title":"Development and validation of a new Chinese reading chart for children","volume":"35","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1195","article-title":"Legibility variations of Chinese characters and implications for visual acuity measurement in Chinese reading population","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M209","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.4.M209","article-title":"Assessing Functional Status: Correlation Between Performance on Tasks Conducted in a Clinic Setting and Performance on the Same Task Conducted at Home","volume":"52A","author":"West","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439100300210","article-title":"Preclinical disability: Hypotheses about the bottom of the iceberg","volume":"3","author":"Fried","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14777","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014777","article-title":"The prevalence of myopia and the factors associated with it among university students in Nanjing: A cross-sectional study","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.3563","article-title":"Rates of Myopia Development in Young Chinese Schoolchildren During the Outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"139","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"182","article-title":"Screen time and COVID-19: Observations from among the college students in India","volume":"11","author":"Balhara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001429","article-title":"Effects of digital devices and online learning on computer vision syndrome in students during the COVID-19 era: An online questionnaire study","volume":"6","author":"Seresirikachorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88071-4","article-title":"Physical activity, screen exposure and sleep among students during the pandemic of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","article-title":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study","volume":"164","author":"Lissak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.07.034","article-title":"Digital Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom?","volume":"223","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859285","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285","article-title":"Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05020","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05020","article-title":"Examining risk factors related to digital learning and social isolation: Youth visual acuity in COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19580","article-title":"Baseline MNREAD Measures for Normally Sighted Subjects From Childhood to Old Age","volume":"57","author":"Cheong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00042-7","article-title":"Evaluation of quality of life in patients with cataract in Hong Kong","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Yu, J., Zhang, J., Yan, Q., and Liu, Y. (2015). Evaluating vision-related quality of life in preoperative age-related cataract patients and analyzing its influencing factors in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0150-8"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9580","article-title":"The impact of visual and nonvisual factors on quality of life and adaptation in adults with visual impairment","volume":"53","author":"Dickinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/3\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:39Z","timestamp":1760121939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/3\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13030463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13030463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}