{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:41Z","timestamp":1790738321584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Panic Disorder (PD) share underlying neurobiological mechanisms and several clinical features which, with medical comorbidities, may increase misdiagnosis and delay proper treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between clinical\/socio-demographic markers and GAD\/PD diagnosis. Outpatients (N = 290) with PD or GAD were identified in mental health services in Monza and Milan (Italy). Descriptive analyses and a binary logistic regression model were performed. Post-onset psychiatric (p = 0.05) and medical (p = 0.02) multiple co-morbidities were associated with GAD; treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was associated with PD, while GAD diagnosis was associated with treatment with atypical antipsychotics or GABAergic drugs (p = 0.03), as well as psychodynamic psychotherapy (p &lt; 0.01). Discontinuation of the last pharmacological treatment was associated with GAD diagnosis rather than the PD one (p = 0.02). GAD patients may have a worse prognosis than PD patients because of more frequent multiple co-morbidities, relapses and poorer treatment compliance. The different treatment approaches were consistent with the available literature, while the association between GAD and psychodynamic psychotherapy is an original finding of our study. Further studies on larger samples are necessary to better characterize clinical factors associated with GAD or PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1678329196000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical Markers of Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Overlapping Symptoms, Different Course and Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Caldiroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Colzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8350-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Capuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Quitadamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"La Tegola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Surace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Capetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Tringali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1436-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marcatili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zanelli Quarantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Colmegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2328-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Dakanalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Buoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. 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