{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:05:55Z","timestamp":1789621555521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health with Current Research funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adults and children exhibit a broad range of clinical outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with minimal to mild symptoms, especially in the pediatric age. However, some children present with a severe hyperinflammatory post-infectious complication named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), mainly affecting previously healthy subjects. Understanding these differences is still an ongoing challenge, that can lead to new therapeutic strategies and avoid unfavorable outcomes. In this review, we discuss the different roles of T lymphocyte subsets and interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) in the immune responses of adults and children. Lymphopenia can influence these responses and represent a good predictor for the outcome, as reported by most authors. The increased IFN-\u03b3 response exhibited by children could be the starting point for the activation of a broad response that leads to MIS-C, with a significantly higher risk than in adults, although a single IFN signature has not been identified. Multicenter studies with large cohorts in both age groups are still needed to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis with new tools and to understand how is possible to better modulate immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T04:36:15Z","timestamp":1682656575000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["T Lymphocyte Subset Counts and Interferon-Gamma Production in Adults and Children with COVID-19: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Umberto","family":"De Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Giorgio","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceccherini-Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Andreoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Sarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Iannetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.12.002","article-title":"The lymph index: A potential hematological parameter for viral infection","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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