{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:01:43Z","timestamp":1789588903000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZN3168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN3168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Funds of G\u00f6ttingen University","award":["ZN3168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN3168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite recent advances in the clinical management and understanding of sepsis and septic shock, these complex clinical syndromes continue to have high mortality rates. The effect of sex on these diseases\u2019 mortality, clinical presentation and morbidity remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of sex with mortality and organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: Prospectively enrolled patients with clinically defined sepsis and septic shock in three intensive care units at University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Germany, were investigated. The primary outcomes were 28- and 90-day mortality, while the secondary endpoints included the evaluation of organ dysfunction as measured by clinical scores and laboratory parameters. Results: A total of 737 septic patients were enrolled, including 373 in septic shock, 484 males, and 253 females. No significant differences in 28- and 90-day mortality were observed in the cohort. However, men with sepsis had significantly higher SOFA scores, SOFA respiratory and renal subscores, bilirubin and creatinine values, and lower weight-adapted urine outputs, indicating higher organ dysfunction compared to women. Conclusions: Our findings revealed notable differences in organ dysfunction between male and female patients, with males exhibiting more pronounced dysfunction across multiple clinical indicators. These results highlight the potential influence of sex on sepsis disease severity and suggest the need for tailored approaches in sepsis management according to patient sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:37:51Z","timestamp":1684204671000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association of Sex Differences with Mortality and Organ Dysfunction in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caspar","family":"Mewes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Runzheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"B\u00f6hnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Region Hannover, 30459 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Quintel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0322-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashham","family":"Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, 38723 Seesen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06106-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and Burden of Sepsis Acquired in Hospitals and Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Markwart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2134290","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34290","article-title":"Epidemiology and Costs of Postsepsis Morbidity, Nursing Care Dependency, and Mortality in Germany, 2013 to 2017","volume":"4","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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