{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:10:25Z","timestamp":1780333825102,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In post-mortem analyses, SARS-CoV-2 was found in the middle ear of some, but not all, patients with COVID-19. It is not clear whether SARS-CoV-2 penetrated the ear passively post mortem, or existed in the middle ear of living patients during, and perhaps also after, infection. This study investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 can be found in the middle ear of living patients during ear surgery. Swabs from the nasopharynx, the filter connected to the tracheal tube and secretions from the middle ear were collected during middle ear surgery. All samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 using PCR. History of vaccination, COVID-19 history and contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals were recorded preoperatively. Postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection was noted at the follow-up visit. Overall, 63 participants (62%) were children and 39 (38%) were adults. SARS-CoV-2 was found in the middle ear and in the nasopharynx of two and four CovEar study participants, respectively. The filter connected to the tracheal tube was sterile in all cases. Cycle threshold (ct) values of the PCR test were between 25.94 and 37.06. SARS-CoV-2 penetrated the middle ear of living patients and was found in asymptomatic patients. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the middle ear may have implications for ear surgery and can pose a risk of infection for operating room staff. It may also directly affect the audio\u2013vestibular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T15:30:47Z","timestamp":1685287847000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 in the Middle Ear-CovEar: A Prospective Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7740-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Rubicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Poier-Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Paar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Winkler-Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology and Microbiology, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies (CCS Linz), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstrasse 5, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Raidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies (CCS Linz), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstrasse 5, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Martin","family":"Zwittag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Krankenhausstrasse 9, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, September 15). 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