{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:58:39Z","timestamp":1774486719281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Symptoms of IBS can fluctuate even when IBD is in clinical remission. Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing opioid addiction. The aim of the study was to determine whether IBS is an independent risk factor for developing opioid addiction and related gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBD. Methods: We identified patients with Crohn\u2019s disease (CD)+IBS and ulcerative colitis (UC) + IBS using TriNetX. The control groups consisted of patients with CD or UC alone without IBS. The main outcome was to compare the risks of receiving oral opioids and developing opioid addiction. A subgroup analysis was performed by selecting patients who were prescribed oral opioids and to compare with those not prescribed opioids. Gastrointestinal symptoms and mortality rates were compared in the cohorts. Results: Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS were more likely to be prescribed oral opioids (24.6% vs. 17.2% for CD; 20.2% vs. 12.3% for UC, p &lt; 0.0001) and develop opioid dependence or abuse (p &lt; 0.05). The subset of patients who were prescribed opioids are more likely to develop gastroesophageal reflux disease, ileus, constipation, nausea, and vomiting (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: IBS is an independent risk factor for IBD patients to receive opioids and develop opioid addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T04:40:51Z","timestamp":1685508051000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Metrohealth Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Landsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Fass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center\/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60751-X","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.141","article-title":"IBS and IBD\u2014Separate entities or on a spectrum?","volume":"13","author":"Spiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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