{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:56:11Z","timestamp":1790373371016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is essential for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of cytokines from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A prospective study was conducted on 33 patients with suspected lung cancer, divided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory BALF groups. Inflammatory markers in BALF were assessed, and their association with lung cancer risk was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot analysis, sensitivity and specificity percentages, and regression analysis. Statistically significant differences were observed between the inflammatory and non-inflammatory groups for several inflammatory markers, including IFN-gamma, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12p70. In the follow-up analysis, significant differences persisted for IFN-gamma, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. ROC plot analysis revealed that IL-12p70 had the highest area under the curve (AUC) value (0.702), followed by IL-2 (0.682), IL-6 (0.620), IL-4 (0.611), TNF-alpha (0.609), IL-10 (0.604), IL-1b (0.635), and IFN-gamma (0.521). IL-6 showed the highest sensitivity (73%), and IL-1b had the highest specificity (69%). Regression analysis demonstrated that IL-6 (cut-off = 25 pg\/mL) and IL-12p70 (cut-off = 30 pg\/mL) had the highest odds ratios for lung cancer risk, at 5.09 (95% CI: 2.38\u20139.24, p &lt; 0.001) and 4.31 (95% CI: 1.85\u20138.16, p &lt; 0.001), respectively. Cytokines from BALF, particularly IL-6 and IL-12p70, show potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the clinical implications of these markers in lung cancer management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1686194988000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Association of IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and Interleukins in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Lung Cancer: A Prospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Hogea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of General Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Tudorache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"First Pulmonology Clinic, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Gheorghe Adam Street 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Fira-Mladinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Second Pulmonology Clinic, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Gheorghe Adam Street 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1160-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Second Pulmonology Clinic, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Gheorghe Adam Street 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Manolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Discipline of Radiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bratosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Rosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4032-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Mavrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"First Pulmonology Clinic, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d, Gheorghe Adam Street 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooreldeen, R., and Bach, H. 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