{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:12:19Z","timestamp":1768828339262,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being one of the most debilitating conditions encountered in the field of toxicology, there is a lack of neutralization measures for the toxins involved in acute corrosive poisoning, and this promotes progressive contact injury of deep tissues after poisoning has occurred. Multiple controversies still surround management strategies during the acute phase of poisoning and the long-term follow-up of the patient. Here, we report a severe case of intentional poisoning with nitric acid complicated by extensive injury of the upper digestive tract, multiple stricture formation, and complete dysphagia. Serial endoscopic dilation and insertion of a jejunostomy feeding tube were necessary, and underlying psychiatric illness negatively affected the outcome of the patient. We conclude that an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to properly reduce the extent of lesions and sequelae induced by corrosion. Early endoscopic mapping of injuries is of major importance to better predict the evolution and possible complications of poisoning. Interventional and reconstructive surgical procedures may significantly improve the life expectancy and quality of life of patients following intoxication with corrosive substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:56:34Z","timestamp":1686624994000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Severe Intentional Corrosive (Nitric Acid) Acute Poisoning: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Stoica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Lionte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Palaghia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"First General Surgery Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"G\u00eerleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victori\u0163a","family":"\u015eorodoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Ceasovschih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4674-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Haliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bologa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Petri\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Nu\u0163u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"First General Surgery Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Trofin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second General Surgery Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"B\u0103lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Catana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adorata","family":"Coman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinary Team Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Puha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Mor\u0103ra\u015fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren\u0163iu","family":"\u015eorodoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Second Internal Medicine Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speight, J.G. (2017). Environmental Inorganic Chemistry for Engineers, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-849891-0.00002-3"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Abrol, Y.P., Adhya, T.K., Aneja, V.P., Raghuram, N., Pathak, H., Kulshrestha, U., Sharma, C., and Singh, B. (2017). The Indian Nitrogen Assessment, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, November 20). Public Health England, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/673594\/Nitric_acid_TO_120118.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, and National Research Council (2013). Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 14."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"213","article-title":"Intoxicatia acuta prin ingestie de substante corozive","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Sorodoc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicologie Clinica de Urgenta\u2014Intoxicatii Acute Nemedicamentoase"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). Nitric Acid. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitric_acid."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03220807","article-title":"Toxic alcohol ingestions: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"3","author":"Kraut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"690","article-title":"Common causes of poisoning: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"110","author":"Desel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.02.034","article-title":"Unusual cause of spontaneous unilateral intracerebral hematoma-acute methanol poisoning: Case report","volume":"32","author":"Bologa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2015-0041","article-title":"Profile of adult acute cholinesterase inhibitors substances poisoning\u2014A 30 years analysis","volume":"10","author":"Gazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_237_19","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity associated with acute poisoning cases in north-east India: A retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resiere, D., Kallel, H., Oxybel, O., Chabartier, C., Florentin, J., Brouste, Y., Gueye, P., Megarbane, B., and Mehdaoui, H. (2020). Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Severe Acute Adult Poisoning Cases in Martinique: Implicated Toxic Exposures and Their Outcomes. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020028"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03408-1","article-title":"Development and validation of new poisoning mortality score system for patients with acute poisoning at the emergency department","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Euwema, M.S., and Swanson, T.J. (2023, May 21). Deadly Single Dose Agents. [Updated 1 August 2022], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441849\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.12.002","article-title":"Acute esophageal injury and strictures following corrosive ingestions in a 27year cohort","volume":"35","author":"Cowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lung, D. (2022, November 22). Caustic Ingestions. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/813772-overview#a2."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-4273.1000152","article-title":"Caustic Material Ingestion Injuries\u2014Paradigm Shift in Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Care Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/jde.JDE_24_16","article-title":"Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"Meena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1707773","article-title":"Corrosive substances ingestion: A review","volume":"49","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i25.3918","article-title":"Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Contini","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"109","article-title":"Unusual presentation and complication of caustic ingestion. Case report","volume":"16","author":"Lionte","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116660866","article-title":"Biomarkers, lactate, and clinical scores as outcome predictors in systemic poisons exposures","volume":"36","author":"Lionte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-015-0039-0","article-title":"Foregut caustic injuries: Results of the world society of emergency surgery consensus conference","volume":"10","author":"Bonavina","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0245-2","article-title":"Esophageal emergencies: WSES guidelines","volume":"14","author":"Chirica","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e56","article-title":"Epidemiologic Features and Outcomes of Caustic Ingestions; a 10-Year Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"5","author":"Arsan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, November 19). European Chemicals Agency, ECHA. Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/4d926914-8ae3-4b26-0198-6759f11e9553."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants (2022, November 19). Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK230433\/."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"54","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of caustic ingestion","volume":"9","author":"Lupa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e2704","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological Characteristics of Corrosive Ingestion: A Cross-sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Multan, South-Punjab Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Hashmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510600860490","article-title":"Deaths due to corrosive ingestion: A 10-year retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Kar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temiz, A. (2017). Caustic Ingestion [Internet]. Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/67526"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2014.47.1.119","article-title":"White esophageal mucosa, and black gastric mucosa: Upper gastrointestinal injury due to hydrochloric Acid ingestion","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahawongkajit, P. (2022). Acute Management in Corrosive Ingestion [Internet]. Dysphagia\u2014New Advances, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101475"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Judkins, D.G., and McTeer, A.V. (2023, May 21). Alkali Toxicity. [Updated 21 June 2022], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544235\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bielecki, J.E., and Gupta, V. (2023, May 21). Caustic Ingestions. [Updated 29 May 2022], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557442\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12819","article-title":"Controversies in the management of caustic ingestion injury: An evidence-based review","volume":"42","author":"Bird","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_349_18","article-title":"Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A pictorial review of the imaging features","volume":"29","author":"Kamat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1853147","article-title":"Management of caustic ingestion: The time has come for consensus guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Zammit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoudvand, Z., Shanbehzadeh, M., Shafiee, M., and Kazemi-Arpanahi, H. (2022). Developing the minimum data set of the corrosive ingestion registry system in Iran. BMC Health Serv. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08576-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.106871","article-title":"Acute management of caustic injury patient in low-resource settings","volume":"92","author":"Dewanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022006","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022006","article-title":"Health effects of sodium hypochlorite: Review of published case reports","volume":"37","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Anal. Health Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badiu Tisa, I., Pepelea, L., Pirvan, A., Lupan, I., Samasca, G., and Bordea, M.A. (2023). Endoscopic Grading as a Predictor to Develop Strictures in Corrosive Esophagitis in Children. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041699"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-19-66","article-title":"Esophageal perforation: Diagnostic work-up and clinical decision-making in the first 24 hours","volume":"19","author":"Viste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/aid2.13091","article-title":"An overview of corrosive injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Discussion of types, clinical evaluation, and management procedures","volume":"5","author":"Elkaramany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Dig. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2012.24.125-130","article-title":"Corrosive poisonings in adults","volume":"24","author":"Chibishev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23305","article-title":"Corrosive Ingestion","volume":"23","author":"Kalayarasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.2.152","article-title":"Oesophagitis is as important as oesophageal stricture diameter in determining dysphagia","volume":"34","author":"Dakkak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Kumbum, K. (2023, May 21). Esophageal Stricture. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/175098-overview."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(91)70678-0","article-title":"The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classification of burns","volume":"37","author":"Zargar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.01.016","article-title":"Evaluation of corrosive poisoning in adult patients","volume":"39","author":"Acehan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059524","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1059524","article-title":"Caustic stenosis of the esophagus and malignant neoplasia: A dilemma","volume":"12","author":"Andreollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914013","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/914013","article-title":"Acute corrosive injuries of the stomach: A single unit experience of thirty years","volume":"2011","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.015610","article-title":"Respiratory and gastrointestinal complications of caustic ingestion in children","volume":"22","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30313-0","article-title":"Caustic ingestion","volume":"389","author":"Chirica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200528","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200528","article-title":"Corrosive injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: The evolving role of a radiologist","volume":"93","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography Scan in Detection of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Injuries Following Caustic Ingestion","volume":"5","author":"Peyvandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650903585929","article-title":"Caustic injury: Can CT grading system enable prediction of esophageal stricture?","volume":"48","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-J., Seak, C.-J., Cheng, H.-T., Chen, C.-C., Chen, T.-H., Sung, C.-M., Ng, C.-J., Kang, S.-C., Su, M.-Y., and Hsieh, S.-Y. (2022). Evaluation of a Diagnostic and Management Algorithm for Adult Caustic Ingestion: New Concept of Severity Stratification and Patient Categorization. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060989"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01977","article-title":"Severity of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Affects the Blood Levels of Circulating Inflammatory-Relevant MicroRNAs","volume":"8","author":"Caserta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirbu, O., Sorodoc, V., Jaba, I.M., Floria, M., Stoica, A., Profire, L., Tuchilus, C., Rusu, G., and Sorodoc, L. (2019). The Influence of Cardiovascular Medications on Iron Metabolism in Patients with Heart Failure. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070329"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696156","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4696156","article-title":"Biomarkers of Inflammation and Inflammation-Related Indexes upon Emergency Department Admission Are Predictive for the Risk of Intensive Care Unit Hospitalization and Mortality in Acute Poisoning: A 6-Year Prospective Observational Study","volume":"2021","author":"Lionte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-001-0047-x","article-title":"Caustic Injury to the Esophagus","volume":"4","author":"Katzka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23586","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023586","article-title":"Case report of tracheobronchial injuries after acid ingestion: CT findings with serial follow-up: Airway complication after acid ingestion","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.118273","article-title":"Extensive corrosive injuries of the upper airways and gastrointestinal tract","volume":"123","author":"Jaillard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0240-5","article-title":"Acute emergency care and airway management of caustic ingestion in adults: Single center observational study","volume":"24","author":"Struck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"318","article-title":"Caustic substances acute poisoning by ingestion","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Lionte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology\u2014A Comprehensive Guide"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830200005","article-title":"Effect of antioxidant therapy on collagen synthesis in corrosive esophageal burns","volume":"18","author":"Canbilen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-009-2546-0","article-title":"New experimental corrosive esophagitis model in rats","volume":"26","author":"Senturk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.-T., and Kim, K.-Y. (2021). Prevention Effect of TGF-\u03b2 Type I Receptor Kinase Inhibitor in Esophageal Stricture Formation after Corrosive Burn. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202111.0343.v1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2016.28.66-70","article-title":"Nutritional Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Corrosive Intoxication in Adults","volume":"28","author":"Chibishev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.1.M52","article-title":"Pathogenic colonization of oral flora in frail elderly patients fed by nasogastric tube or percutaneous enterogastric tube","volume":"58","author":"Leibovitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315414","article-title":"UK guidelines on oesophageal dilatation in clinical practice","volume":"67","author":"Sami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altuwaijri, J.K., Hamiduddin, F.M., Khafaji, R.H., Almaghrabi, L.T., Bakhsh, H.T., and Thabit, A.K. (2023). Use of Antibiotics in Poisonous Ingestions of Corrosives and Organophosphates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11040300"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.08.033","article-title":"Benign refractory esophageal strictures: Widening the endoscopist\u2019s role","volume":"63","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07396-w","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Luminal Strictures: Beyond Dilation","volume":"67","author":"Daoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09174-1","article-title":"Assessment and management after corrosive ingestion: When is specialist centre referral needed? A 10-year UK experience","volume":"36","author":"Vergani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17138","article-title":"Corrosive-Induced Carcinoma of Esophagus: Esophagographic and CT Findings","volume":"208","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2012.12.010","article-title":"Surgical treatment of caustic esophageal strictures in adults","volume":"11","author":"Harlak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12805","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.12805","article-title":"Management of Esophageal Burns Caused by Caustic Ingestion: A Case Report","volume":"18","author":"Shahbazzadegan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.03.057","article-title":"Caustic ingestion and oesophageal cancer: Intra- and peri-tumoral fibrosis is associated with a better prognosis","volume":"38","author":"Ruol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, H.W., Chen, C.H., Yang, K.W., Pan, C.S., Lin, C.L., and Hung, D.Z. (2020). The prevalence of esophageal cancer after caustic and pesticide ingestion: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243922"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201700000-19","article-title":"Lugol\u2019s iodine chromoendoscopy versus narrow band image enhanced endoscopy for the detection of esophageal cancer in patients with stenosis secondary to caustic\/corrosive agent ingestion","volume":"54","author":"Pennachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/6\/987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:53:42Z","timestamp":1760126022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/6\/987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13060987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13060987","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]}}}