{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:55:28Z","timestamp":1790013328550,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic condition mainly affecting middle-aged and older individuals with hormonal disturbances or psychiatric disorders and is characterized by chronic pain. The etiopathogenesis of this multifactorial syndrome is largely unknown. The objective of the present systematic review was therefore to evaluate the relationship of BMS with depressive and anxiety disorders in middle-aged and older individuals. Methods: We selected studies evaluating BMS and depressive and anxiety disorders assessed with validated tools, published from their inception up to April 2023, using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Ovid, and Google Scholar databases and adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines\/PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist. This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023409595). The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Toolkits for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies were used to examine the risk of bias. Results: Two independent investigators rated 4322 records against the primary endpoint and found 7 records meeting the eligibility requirements. Anxiety disorders were found to be the most common psychiatric disorders related to BMS (63.7%), followed by depressive disorders (36.3%). We found a moderate association of BMS with anxiety disorders, with multiple studies included (n = 7). Moreover, we found a low association of BMS with depressive disorders (included studies, n = 4). The role of pain appeared to be controversial in explaining these associations. Conclusions: In middle-aged and older subjects, anxiety and depressive disorders may be potentially related to the development of BMS. Furthermore, also in these age groups, females showed higher risk of developing BMS than males, even when taking into account multimorbidity such as sleep disorders, personality traits, and biopsychosocial changes as suggested by study-specific findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13061014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T03:33:52Z","timestamp":1687145632000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exploring the Association of Burning Mouth Syndrome with Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Dibello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"\u201cCesare Frugoni\u201d Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ballini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madia","family":"Lozupone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of D-BRAIN, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1549-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Custodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCesare Frugoni\u201d Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cantore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Independent Researcher, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Sardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Dibello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stella Maris Nursing Home and Day Care Center, Monopoli, 70043 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Santarcangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Barulli Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCesare Frugoni\u201d Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Petruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Dentistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Solfrizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCesare Frugoni\u201d Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7220-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Panza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0526","article-title":"Association Between Burning Mouth Syndrome and the Development of Depression, Anxiety, Dementia, and Parkinson Disease","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. 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