{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1782831697025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Port-wine stains (PWS) are congenital low-flow vascular malformations of the skin. PWS tend to become thicker and darker with time. Laser therapy is the gold standard and the first-line therapy for treating PWS. However, some resistant PWS, or PWS that have tissue hypertrophy, do not respond to this therapy. Our aim is to evaluate the role of surgery in the treatment of PWS birthmarks. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and Google Scholar for all papers dealing with surgery for port-wine stains, from January 2010 to December 2020 using the search strings: (capillary vascular malformation OR port-wine stains OR Sturge Weber Syndrome OR sws OR pws) AND (surgical OR surgery). Results: Ten articles were identified and used for analysis. They were almost all case series with a short follow up period and lacked an objective\u2013systematic score of evaluation. Conclusions: Delay in treatment of port wine stains may result in soft tissue and bone hypertrophy or nodules with disfiguring or destructive characteristics. The correction of PWS-related facial asymmetry often requires bone surgery followed by soft tissue corrections to achieve a more harmonious, predictable result.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:41:45Z","timestamp":1687999305000},"page":"1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Surgery for Port-Wine Stains: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Colletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vascular Birthmark Foundation, P.O. Box 106, Latham, NY 12110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Negrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Rozell-Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vascular Birthmark Foundation, P.O. Box 106, Latham, NY 12110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Levitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vascular Birthmark Foundation, P.O. Box 106, Latham, NY 12110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Colletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Chiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Anesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Di Bartolomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Dentistry, Maternity and Infant Department, Unit of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arrigo","family":"Pellacani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery, Dentistry, Maternity and Infant Department, Unit of Dentistry and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Nocini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000525","article-title":"The Natural History of Soft Tissue Hypertrophy, Bony Hypertrophy, and Nodule Formation in Patients with Untreated Head and Neck Capillary Malformations","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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