{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T11:00:53Z","timestamp":1788001253699,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Pancreas transplantation is currently the only treatment that can re-establish normal endocrine pancreatic function. Despite all efforts, pancreas allograft survival and rejection remain major clinical problems. The purpose of this study was to identify features that could signal patients at risk of pancreas allograft rejection. Methods: We collected 74 features from 79 patients who underwent simultaneous pancreas\u2013kidney transplantation (SPK) and used two widely-applicable classification methods, the Naive Bayesian Classifier and Support Vector Machine, to build predictive models. We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and classification accuracy to evaluate the predictive performance via leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: Rejection events were identified in 13 SPK patients (17.8%). In feature selection approach, it was possible to identify 10 features, namely: previous treatment for diabetes mellitus with long-term Insulin (U\/I\/day), type of dialysis (peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or pre-emptive), de novo DSA, vPRA_Pre-Transplant (%), donor blood glucose, pancreas donor risk index (pDRI), recipient height, dialysis time (days), warm ischemia (minutes), recipient of intensive care (days). The results showed that the Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine classifiers prediction performed very well, with an AUROC and classification accuracy of 0.97 and 0.87, respectively, in the first model and 0.96 and 0.94 in the second model. Conclusion: Our results indicated that it is feasible to develop successful classifiers for the prediction of graft rejection. The Naive Bayesian generated nomogram can be used for rejection probability prediction, thus supporting clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:43:30Z","timestamp":1688085810000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pancreas Rejection in the Artificial Intelligence Era: New Tool for Signal Patients at Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Vigia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Ramalhete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Blood and Transplantation Center of Lisbon, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Sangue e da Transplanta\u00e7\u00e3o, Alameda das Linhas de Torres, n 117, 1769-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA4Health, Advancing Precision Medicine, RG11, Reno-Vascular Diseases Group, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Chumbinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edite","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Bicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Carrelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Lamelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An\u00edbal","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, Advancing Precision Medicine, RG11, Reno-Vascular Diseases Group, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Nephrology, Hospital Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3540-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Pinto","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliopancreatic and Transplantation Center, Curry Cabral Hospital, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, R. da Benefic\u00eancia 8, 1050-099 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12884","article-title":"Precision medicine, AI, and the future of personalized health care","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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