{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:40Z","timestamp":1760149060057,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) severely affects the quality of life of affected patients. The development of a shield ulcer is considered one of the most severe late-stage complications, which when untreated leads to irreversible vision loss. In this systematic review, we outlined the results of surgical treatments of corneal shield ulcers in VKC. Methods: We searched 12 literature databases on 3 April 2023 for studies of patients with VKC in which shield ulcers were treated by any surgical treatment. Treatment results were reviewed qualitatively. Assessments of the risk of bias of individual studies were made using the Clinical Appraisal Skills Programme. Results: Ten studies with 398 patients with VKC were eligible for the qualitative review. Two categories of surgical approaches were described: supratarsal corticosteroid injection and debridement with or without amniotic membrane transplantation. Almost all patients experienced resolution or improvement of their shield ulcers, regardless of treatment modality. Time to healing was faster with surgical debridement. A small proportion experienced recurrence and side effects. Conclusions: Surgical treatment for shield ulcers in VKC seems highly effective, but careful post-operative treatment and follow-ups are necessary due to the risk of recurrence and potential side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1688344448000},"page":"1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surgical Treatment of Corneal Shield Ulcer in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samim","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6620-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousif","family":"Subhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Louise Roed","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.10.005","article-title":"Management of corneal complications in vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A review","volume":"19","author":"Feizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. 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