{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:34:52Z","timestamp":1768289692097,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUHIRB-E(I)-20200405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUHIRB-E(I)-20200405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This retrospective case-control study aimed to investigate associations between disease severity of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) and macular thickness. Data of patients with AD who were under medication (n = 192) between 2013 and 2020, as well as an age- and sex-matched control group (n = 200) with normal cognitive function, were included. AD patients were divided into subgroups according to scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Macular thickness was analyzed via the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid map. AD patients had significant reductions in full macula layers, including inner circle, outer inferior area, and outer nasal area of the macula. Similar retinal thinning was noted in ganglion cells and inner plexiform layers. Advanced AD patients (MMSE score &lt; 18 or CDR \u2265 1) showed more advanced reduction of macular thickness than the AD group (CDR = 0.5 or MMSE \u2265 18), indicating that severe cognitive impairment was associated with thinner macular thickness. Advanced AD is associated with significant macula thinning in full retina and inner plexiform layers, especially at the inner circle of the macula. Macular thickness may be a useful biomarker of AD disease severity. Retinal imaging may be a non-invasive, low-cost surrogate for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:40:02Z","timestamp":1689039602000},"page":"1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optical Coherence Tomography Assessment of Macular Thickness in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia with Different Neuropsychological Severities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chia-Chen","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3286-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yo-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chen","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shwu-Jiuan","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69113-7","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"368","author":"Blennow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Prince, M., Albanese, E., and Guerchet, M. 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