{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:47:41Z","timestamp":1788058061086,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 affects brain function, as deduced by the \u201cbrain fog\u201d that is often encountered in COVID-19 patients and some cognitive impairment that is observed in many a patient in the post-COVID-19 period. Approximately one-third of patients, even when they have recovered from the acute somatic disease, continue to show posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We hypothesized that the persistent changes induced by COVID-19 on brain structure would overlap with those associated with PTSD. We performed a thorough PubMed search on 25 April 2023 using the following strategy: ((posttraumatic OR PTSD) AND COVID-19 AND (neuroimaging OR voxel OR VBM OR freesurfer OR structural OR ROI OR whole-brain OR hippocamp* OR amygd* OR \u201cdeep gray matter\u201d OR \u201ccortical thickness\u201d OR caudate OR striatum OR accumbens OR putamen OR \u201cregions of interest\u201d OR subcortical)) OR (COVID-19 AND brain AND (voxel[ti] OR VBM[ti] OR magnetic[ti] OR resonance[ti] OR imaging[ti] OR neuroimaging[ti] OR neuroimage[ti] OR positron[ti] OR photon*[ti] OR PET[ti] OR SPET[ti] OR SPECT[ti] OR spectroscop*[ti] OR MRS[ti])), which produced 486 records and two additional records from other sources, of which 36 were found to be eligible. Alterations were identified and described and plotted against the ordinary PTSD imaging findings. Common elements were hypometabolism in the insula and caudate nucleus, reduced hippocampal volumes, and subarachnoid hemorrhages, while white matter hyperintensities were widespread in both PTSD and post-COVID-19 brain infection. The comparison partly supported our initial hypothesis. These data may contribute to further investigation of the effects of long COVID on brain structure and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:35:04Z","timestamp":1689554104000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Are the Post-COVID-19 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms Justified by the Effects of COVID-19 on Brain Structure? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios D.","family":"Kotzalidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Roma, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Lucio Bini, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottavia Marianna","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0562-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Margoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8139-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ieritano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1264-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Restaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6855-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelina","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4015-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Fischetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9199-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Catinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOS Clinical Psychology, Clinical Government, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Pia Rosaria","family":"Chieffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOS Clinical Psychology, Clinical Government, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Women, Children and Public Health Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Lucio Bini, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, April 29). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Worldometer (2023, April 29). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Wulf Hanson, S., Abbafati, C., Aerts, J.G., Al-Aly, Z., Ashbaugh, C., Ballouz, T., Blyuss, O., Bobkova, P., and Bonsel, G. (2022). Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA, 328, 1604\u20131615.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"101762","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long COVID among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Routen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"78","author":"Janiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102815","article-title":"Fatigue, perceived stigma, self-reported cognitive deficits and psychological morbidity in patients recovered from COVID-19 infection","volume":"64","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e27724","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the psychological impact of stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms in COVID-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"Jakhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12996","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective","volume":"60","author":"Weems","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23229","article-title":"Longitudinal hippocampal circuit change differentiates persistence and remission of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"39","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.037","article-title":"Trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with changes in insula volume","volume":"132","author":"Zantvoord","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordi, A., Sarabi-Jamab, A., Shariat, S.V., Rezaee, N., Shariati, B., Faiz, S.H.R., and Mirfazeli, F.S. (2023). Higher anxiety and perceived trauma among COVID-19 patients: A prospective comparative study. BMC Psychiatry, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04574-6"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., and Liu, Y. (2020). Media Exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134720"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.024","article-title":"A nine-month study on the course of COVID-19 related perceived post-traumatic stress disorder among Italian community-dwelling adults","volume":"141","author":"Somma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02407-x","article-title":"Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"42","author":"Ikizer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.006","article-title":"Smaller hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multisite ENIGMA-PGC study: Subcortical volumetry results from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Consortia","volume":"83","author":"Logue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.11.003","article-title":"Neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder\u2014Focus on amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"90","author":"Henigsberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"171","article-title":"Abnormal prefrontal development in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A longitudinal structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"4","author":"Heyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100077","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities common to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression","volume":"36","author":"Kroes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.013","article-title":"What SARS-CoV-2 does to our brains","volume":"55","author":"Aschman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2","article-title":"Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: A post-mortem case series","volume":"19","author":"Matschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"572","article-title":"On the doctrine of original antigenic sin","volume":"104","author":"Francis","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.04.012","article-title":"Immunological imprinting: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e923","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.923","article-title":"Antigenic imprinting in SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Reincke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, S.M., Bryan, S.P., Hilchey, S.P., Wang, J., and Zand, M.S. (2023). First impressions matter: Immune imprinting and antibody cross-reactivity in influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020169"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spatola, M., Dinoto, A., Bozzetti, S., Chiodega, V., Ferrari, S., Mariotto, S., and Alter, G. (2023, January 22\u201327). Presentation S21: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody signatures track with outcome of neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-Cov-2 Infection (NeuroPASC) (Congress Abstract) Acute and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. Proceedings of the American Academy of Neurology 75th Annual Meeting, Boston Convention and Exhibition Center (BCEC), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000203458"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00926-1","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Wenzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac151","article-title":"Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","article-title":"Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS)","volume":"6","author":"Downes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1868","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010112","article-title":"Neurologic and neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective multicenter study","volume":"95","author":"Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E324","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202791","article-title":"Nervous system involvement in Coronavirus Disease 2019: Results from a retrospective consecutive neuroimaging cohort","volume":"297","author":"Klironomos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.24132","article-title":"Multisystem assessment of the imaging manifestations of coagulopathy in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"216","author":"Parakh","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6793","article-title":"Brain imaging of patients with COVID-19: Findings at an academic institution during the height of the outbreak in New York City","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.09.002","article-title":"COVID-19-related intracranial imaging findings: A large single-centre experience","volume":"76","author":"Sawlani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30362-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multinational, multicentre collaborative study","volume":"5","author":"Lindan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7022","article-title":"Neuroimaging offers low yield in children positive for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"42","author":"Orman","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6966","article-title":"Clinical, imaging, and lab correlates of severe COVID-19 leukoencephalopathy","volume":"42","author":"Rapalino","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05178-y","article-title":"The cerebral network of COVID-19-related encephalopathy: A longitudinal voxel-based 18F-FDG-PET study","volume":"48","author":"Kas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117308","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging reveals cerebral microvascular injury in severe COVID-19","volume":"421","author":"Conklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05215-4","article-title":"18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID","volume":"48","author":"Guedj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"822","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in conjunction with severe COVID-19","volume":"193","author":"Bauknecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02663-5","article-title":"Distinct pattern of microsusceptibility changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation\/oxygenation","volume":"63","author":"Thurnher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01207-2","article-title":"Increase in ventricle size and the evolution of white matter changes on serial imaging in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7072","article-title":"Brain and lung imaging correlation in patients with COVID-19: Could the severity of lung disease reflect the prevalence of acute abnormalities on neuroimaging? A global multicenter observational study","volume":"42","author":"Mahammedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211489","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1489","article-title":"Association of clinical, biological, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings with electroencephalographic findings for patients with COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Lambrecq","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00423-2","article-title":"Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuroimaging and neurobehavior in neonates","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-021-01008-2","article-title":"Cerebrovascular complications and vessel wall imaging in COVID-19 encephalopathy-A pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Uginet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371211002815","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A Canadian retrospective observational study","volume":"73","author":"Jegatheeswaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Assoc. Radiol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01223-w","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: A self-report and brain imaging follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100387","article-title":"Brain correlates of depression, post-traumatic distress, and inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 survivors: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"18","author":"Benedetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2021-0103","article-title":"Neurological imaging findings in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective observational study in two Brazilian reference centers","volume":"80","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14062","article-title":"The Karolinska NeuroCOVID study protocol: Neurocognitive impairment, biomarkers and advanced imaging in critical care survivors","volume":"66","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215506","article-title":"Clinical and imaging determinants of neurocognitive disorders in post-acute COVID-19 patients with cognitive complaints","volume":"87","author":"Andriuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/19714009221096828","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neuroimaging volume in New York City","volume":"35","author":"Widemon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lersy, F., Bund, C., Anheim, M., Mondino, M., Noblet, V., Lazzara, S., Phillipps, C., Collange, O., Oulehri, W., and Mertes, P.M. (2022). Evolution of neuroimaging findings in severe COVID-19 patients with initial neurological impairment: An observational study. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050949"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01632-5","article-title":"Selective visuoconstructional impairment following mild COVID-19 with inflammatory and neuroimaging correlation findings","volume":"28","author":"Paiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.22.28267","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity and vessel wall imaging in patients with prior COVID-19: A prospective case-control MRI study","volume":"220","author":"Callen","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Multimodal neuroimaging in post-COVID syndrome and correlation with cognition","volume":"146","author":"Yus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-06013-2","article-title":"Brain 18F-FDG PET imaging in outpatients with post-COVID-19 conditions: Findings and associations with clinical characteristics","volume":"50","author":"Goehringer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.12.002","article-title":"Brain correlates of subjective cognitive complaints in COVID-19 survivors: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"68","author":"Paolini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"442","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on brain and cerebellum: A voxel based morphometrical analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kamasak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15812","article-title":"Neurological and (neuro)psychological sequelae in intensive care and general ward COVID-19 survivors","volume":"30","author":"Klinkhammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3201","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging measurements of central smell regions in COVID-19 patients: Insular gyrus, corpus amygdala, and thalamus","volume":"27","author":"Burulday","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7863","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 brain [18F] FDG-PET findings: A retrospective single-center study in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Debs","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3387","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003387","article-title":"Analysis of the metabolic and structural brain changes in patients with Torture-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (TR-PTSD) using \u00b9\u2078F-FDG PET and MRI","volume":"95","author":"Zandieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"98","article-title":"Widespread cortical PET abnormalities in an adolescent related to a PNES dissociative state, PTSD, ADHD, and domestic violence exposure","volume":"6","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2018.1451334","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder after a first-ever intracerebral hemorrhage in the Chinese population: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2018.03.004","article-title":"Exploratory study of the course of posttraumatic stress disorder after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"53","author":"Wajer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318216047e","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients\u2019 fears of recurrence are related to the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"69","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000327580.91345.78","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder explains reduced quality of life in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in both the short and long term","volume":"63","author":"Noble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.048","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder with amnesia following asphyxiation","volume":"1071","author":"Layton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00912-3","article-title":"Survivors of avalanche accidents: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and quality of life: A multicentre study","volume":"29","author":"Debaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma. Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102424","article-title":"Structural white and gray matter differences in a large sample of patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and a healthy and trauma-exposed control group: Diffusion tensor imaging and region-based morphometry","volume":"28","author":"Siehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01143-3","article-title":"White matter anisotropy and response to cognitive behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Korgaonkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1100","article-title":"White matter alterations are associated with cognitive dysfunction decades after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury and\/or posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665070","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.665070","article-title":"White matter abnormalities in patients with typhoon-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1760","article-title":"A study on longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure of parents who have lost their only child based on diffusion tensor imaging and its relationship with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"102","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"50","article-title":"The relationship between chronic PTSD, cortical volumetry and white matter microstructure among Australian combat veterans","volume":"9","author":"Romaniuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"E254","article-title":"Discriminating mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder using latent neuroimaging and neuropsychological profiles in active-duty military service members","volume":"38","author":"Esopenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.083","article-title":"Association between decreased interhemispheric functional connectivity of the insula and duration of illness in recurrent depression","volume":"329","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04628-1","article-title":"Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex oscillations underlie learning alterations in trait anxiety in humans","volume":"6","author":"Hein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35939-2","article-title":"Reduced vmPFC-insula functional connectivity in generalized anxiety disorder: A Bayesian confirmation study","volume":"13","author":"Teed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12857","article-title":"Predominant polarity and hippocampal subfield volumes in Bipolar disorders","volume":"22","author":"Janiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160708231216","article-title":"Neurobiological Evidence for the Primacy of Mania Hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Kotzalidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02650-5","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory imbalances in the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus in schizophrenia: A postmortem ultrastructural study","volume":"130","author":"Farmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.05.009","article-title":"Psychopathological characteristics and adverse childhood events are differentially associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal acts in mood disorders","volume":"53","author":"Janiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2019.10.007","article-title":"The ring of fire: Childhood trauma, emotional reactivity, and mixed states in mood disorders","volume":"43","author":"Janiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Trovini, G., Amici, E., Bauco, P., Matrone, M., Lombardozzi, G., Giovannetti, V., Kotzalidis, G.D., and De Filippis, S. (2023). A comprehensive evaluation of adverse childhood experiences, socialemotional impairments, and neurodevelopmental disorders in cannabis use disorder: Implications for clinical practice. Eur. Psychiatry, in press."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/7\/1140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:36Z","timestamp":1760127156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/7\/1140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13071140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13071140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]}}}