{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:31:14Z","timestamp":1787506274485,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Strategic Health Innovation Partnership (SHIP) (Pharmacogenomics in Precision Medicine) under the title \u201cPharmacogenomics of Cardiovascular Diseases: Focusing on Dyslipidaemia and Hypertension\u201d (PRECODE)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharmacogenomics may improve patient care by guiding drug selection and dosing; however, this requires prior knowledge of the pharmacogenomics of drugs commonly used in a specific setting. The aim of this study was to identify a preliminary set of pharmacogenetic variants important in Southern Africa. We describe comorbidities in 3997 patients from Malawi, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. These patient cohorts were included in pharmacogenomic studies of anticoagulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, HIV and breast cancer. The 20 topmost prescribed drugs in this population were identified. Using the literature, a list of pharmacogenes vital in the response to the top 20 drugs was constructed leading to drug\u2013gene pairs potentially informative in translation of pharmacogenomics. The most reported morbidity was hypertension (58.4%), making antihypertensives the most prescribed drugs, particularly amlodipine. Dyslipidemia occurred in 31.5% of the participants, and statins were the most frequently prescribed as cholesterol-lowering drugs. HIV was reported in 20.3% of the study participants, with lamivudine\/stavudine\/efavirenz being the most prescribed antiretroviral combination. Based on these data, pharmacogenes of immediate interest in Southern African populations include ABCB1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, SLC22A1, SLCO1B1 and UGT1A1. Variants in these genes are a good starting point for pharmacogenomic translation programs in Southern Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13081185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1690332302000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Towards Evidence-Based Implementation of Pharmacogenomics in Southern Africa: Comorbidities and Polypharmacy Profiles across Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-8293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyarai Desiree","family":"Soko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarudzai","family":"Muyambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle T. L.","family":"Dandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kampira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Health Professionals, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHES), Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Lipidology and Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika S. W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delva","family":"Shamley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phumla","family":"Sinxadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collet","family":"Dandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED), University of Cape Town, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"},{"name":"Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19073","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: An evolving clinical tool for precision medicine","volume":"87","author":"Hockings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clevel. 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