{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:57:55Z","timestamp":1781103475136,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) occurs rarely, its diagnosis is a challenge, and the prognosis of these patients depends on the time of diagnosis. Even though fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is recognized as the most accurate tool for detecting thyroid malignancies, its sensitivity for PTL is poor. Both clinical and ultrasound presentation of PTL can be atypical, and laboratory tests fail to furnish relevant data. Consequently, the reliability of a cytopathologist facing PTL can be poor, even when he is aware of its clinical information. In addition, the cases described in the literature are extremely rare and fragmentary, and consequently, the molecular data currently available for this neoplasm are practically negligible. Here, we present a case report in order to discuss the intrinsic limitations in achieving a final diagnosis of PTL and how using molecular diagnostics to identify potential mutational models can improve the evaluation of this neoplasm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13081203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1690766800000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: How Molecular Biology and Ancillary Techniques Can Help the Cytopathologist Overcome This Diagnostic Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Guidobaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytodiagnostic Unit, Section of Pathology Sandro Pertini Hospital, ASL RM2, 00157 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concetta","family":"Cafiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, SG Moscati Hospital, 74010 Statte, TA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, NA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Dell\u2019Aquila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Belcolle Hospital, ASL Viterbo, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Trimboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9401-7377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Palmirotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, BA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Pisconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, SG Moscati Hospital, 74010 Statte, TA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1428","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma: A clinical review","volume":"98","author":"Stein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2017.1383536","article-title":"A Review of Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: Molecular Factors, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"32","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0672","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration to diagnose primary thyroid lymphomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4037","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma: A rare but challenging diagnosis","volume":"127","author":"Czopnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.12.023","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Peixoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2013-0036","article-title":"Thyroid Lymphoma: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Optimal Management Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02573069","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma: Can the diagnosis be made solely by fine-needle aspiration?","volume":"9","author":"Cha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2001.00338.x","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary lymphoma of the thyroid: A report of 17 cases","volume":"12","author":"Sangalli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9811-z","article-title":"Thin core biopsy should help to discriminate thyroid nodules cytologically classified as indeterminate. A new sampling technique","volume":"43","author":"Nasrollah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9979-x","article-title":"Patient\u2019s comfort with and tolerability of thyroid core needle biopsy","volume":"45","author":"Nasrollah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2020.00199","article-title":"Usage and Diagnostic Yield of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Core Needle Biopsy in Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Literature Published by Korean Authors","volume":"14","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0061","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy: Clinical Utility in Patients with Prior Nondiagnostic Fine-Needle Aspirate","volume":"22","author":"Samir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368700","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry for BRAF(V600E) Antibody VE1 Performed in Core Needle Biopsy Samples Identifies Mutated Papillary Thyroid Cancers","volume":"46","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198099","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1198099","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry in the pathologic diagnosis and management of thyroid neoplasms","volume":"14","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21608\/ejentas.2019.13367.1118","article-title":"Primary Thyroid Lymphoma Presenting in Stridor","volume":"21","author":"Karanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Ear, Nose, Throat Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0062-0","article-title":"Italian consensus for the classification and reporting of thyroid cytology","volume":"37","author":"Nardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i2.38","article-title":"Cytopathologic diagnosis of fine needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules","volume":"4","author":"Misiakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.983","article-title":"Usefulness of Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Malignant Lymphoma of the Thyroid","volume":"16","author":"Ota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102906","article-title":"Novel drugs targeting EGFR and HER2 exon 20 mutations in metastatic NSCLC","volume":"148","author":"Baraibar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00558-1","article-title":"EGFR and HER2 exon 20 insertions in solid tumours: From biology to treatment","volume":"19","author":"Friedlaender","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023). HER2-Targeted Therapy Shows Promise across Tumor Types. Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.21.00008","article-title":"Tumor-Specific and Tumor-Agnostic Molecular Signatures Associated with Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Schlauch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00015-1","article-title":"Tumour-agnostic therapies","volume":"19","author":"Looney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103567","article-title":"The challenge of the Molecular Tumor Board empowerment in clinical oncology practice: A Position Paper on behalf of the AIOM- SIAPEC\/IAP-SIBioC-SIC-SIF-SIGU-SIRM Italian Scientific Societies","volume":"169","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8156","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease","volume":"87","author":"Thieblemont","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/8\/1203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:48Z","timestamp":1760127708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/8\/1203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13081203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13081203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}