{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:26:22Z","timestamp":1760149582079,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared) spectral analysis of ex vivo oesophageal tissue including all classifications to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). The article adds further validation to previous human tissue studies identifying the potential for ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in differentiating among all classes of oesophageal transformation to OAC. Tissue spectral analysis used principal component analysis quadratic discriminant analysis (PCA-QDA), successive projection algorithm quadratic discriminant analysis (SPA-QDA), and genetic algorithm quadratic discriminant analysis (GA-QDA) algorithms for variable selection and classification. The variables selected by SPA-QDA and GA-QDA discriminated tissue samples from Barrett\u2019s oesophagus (BO) to OAC with 100% accuracy on the basis of unique spectral \u201cfingerprints\u201d of their biochemical composition. Accuracy test results including sensitivity and specificity were determined. The best results were obtained with PCA-QDA, where tissues ranging from normal to OAC were correctly classified with 90.9% overall accuracy (71.4\u2013100% sensitivity and 89.5\u2013100% specificity), including the discrimination between normal and inflammatory tissue, which failed in SPA-QDA and GA-QDA. All the models revealed excellent results for distinguishing among BO, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and OAC tissues (100% sensitivities and specificities). This study highlights the need for further work identifying potential biochemical markers using ATR-FTIR in tissue that could be utilised as an adjunct to histopathological diagnosis for early detection of neoplastic changes in susceptible epithelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13081277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:33:11Z","timestamp":1692581591000},"page":"1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectral Discrimination in Human Tissue of Oesophageal Transformation to Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ishaan","family":"Maitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo L. M.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Education, Science and Technology of the Inhamuns Region, State University of Cear\u00e1, Tau\u00e1 63660-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1ssio M. G.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston PR2 9HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravindra S.","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston PR2 9HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1253454","article-title":"Vibrational Micro-Spectroscopy of Human Tissues Analysis: Review","volume":"47","author":"Bunaciu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. 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