{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1784056159920,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic allergic disease in children. Several studies have shown an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergies, especially AR. Patients with ADHD usually have poor therapeutic adherence, and untreated AR symptoms may worsen the quality of life of patients. Methods: The aim of our study was to analyse therapeutic adherence in patients with ADHD and AR and estimate the impact of the adherence on ADHD symptoms. Total Nasal Symptoms Score (TNSS), Paediatric or Adolescent Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ 6\u201312 years; ARQLQ 13\u201317 years), Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham version IV scale (SNAP-IV), and Medication Assessment Questionnaire (MGL MAQ) were recorded. Results: In the AR-ADHD group, a positive correlation between TNSS and SNAP-IV subscales was found: worse AR symptoms were related to a negative effect on ADHD scores. AR-ADHD patients with better ADHD therapeutic adherence showed higher AR symptoms and higher oppositional defiant disorder scores in the SNAP-IV questionnaire. Conclusions: Our results suggest that better adherence to AR therapy (oral antihistamines and\/or intranasal corticosteroids, INCS) is associated with a reduction in inattention symptoms in children with ADHD. This data could prove to be fundamental for the psychic outcome of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1693481478000},"page":"1346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of the Allergic Therapeutic Adherence in Children with Allergic Rhinitis and ADHD: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gambadauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Foti Randazzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Curr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Crisafulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Caminiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"German\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Gennaro","family":"Nicotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0963","article-title":"Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis, Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma in Taiwan: A National Study 2000 to 2007","volume":"90","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Derm. 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