{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:36:30Z","timestamp":1782772590083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-D-110066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-110066"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-D-111049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-111049"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-A-112007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-112007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-C05-111039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C05-111039"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MND-MAB-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MAB-D-112002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-D-112002"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TSGH-D-110066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-110066"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TSGH-D-111049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-111049"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TSGH-A-112007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-112007"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TSGH-C05-111039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C05-111039"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["TSGH-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MND-MAB-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MAB-D-112002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-D-112002"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["TSGH-D-110066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-110066"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["TSGH-D-111049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-111049"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["TSGH-A-112007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-112007"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["TSGH-C05-111039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C05-111039"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["TSGH-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["MND-MAB-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital of the National Defense Medical Center","award":["MAB-D-112002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-D-112002"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-016-038-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-016-008"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-112-2314-B-016-052"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["TSGH-D-110066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-110066"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["TSGH-D-111049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-111049"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["TSGH-A-112007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-112007"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["TSGH-C05-111039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C05-111039"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["TSGH-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["MND-MAB-D-112175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112175"]}]},{"name":"Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense","award":["MAB-D-112002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-D-112002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to compare the hemorheological and inflammatory changes before and after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, as factors such as hypothermia, hemodilution, transfusion, and other variables affect blood viscosity and inflammation during the procedure. Methods: A total of 25 patients who underwent CABG surgery were enrolled in this study. Whole blood was collected just before the CABG (D0), 2 days after surgery (D2), and 5 days after surgery (D5). The plasma viscosity (PV) and whole blood viscosity (WBV) were measured at shear rates ranging from 0.1 to 1000 s\u22121 using a rheometer, and the mean values were compared. Inflammatory markers were also assessed and analyzed in relation to the hemorheological changes. Results: Compared with the baseline values, the PV significantly increased after 5 days. WBV showed a significant increase on day 2 and after 5 days. The WBV and fibrinogen were significantly correlated on day 2 and day 5 but not before surgery. Inflammatory markers such as CRP, WBC, platelets, and fibrinogen also demonstrated notable changes in relation to the hemorheological alterations. Conclusions: This study highlights the crucial finding that hyperviscosity, characterized by elevated PV and WBV, persists for almost one week after on-pump CABG surgery. Understanding the interplay between inflammation and hemorheological properties during the postoperative period is crucial for optimizing patient care. Future research should focus on exploring the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate the impact of inflammation on blood viscosity and improve patient outcomes following CABG surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13101434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1695699923000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inflammatory Biomarkers and Blood Physical Property Transformations Following On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Po-Shun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ying","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Sung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"726158","article-title":"Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: The past, present, and future of myocardial revascularisation","volume":"2014","author":"Diodato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1160-7","article-title":"Quality of life 10 years after cardiac surgery in adults: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"17","author":"Perrotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.09.014","article-title":"Coronary artery bypass graft surgery complications: A review for emergency clinicians","volume":"36","author":"Montrief","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"50","article-title":"Estimating the risk of complications related to re-exploration for bleeding after adult cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Biancari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29252\/IJMR-060101","article-title":"Complications of coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"6","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_379_17","article-title":"Basics of cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"61","author":"Sarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141341","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141341","article-title":"Shear stress associated with cardiopulmonary bypass induces expression of inflammatory cytokines and necroptosis in monocytes","volume":"6","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lowe, G., Welsh, P., Rumley, A., Sattar, N., Preedy, V., and Hunter, J. (2011). Cytokines, St. Helier Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.015","article-title":"Abnormal blood rheology and chronic low grade inflammation: Possible risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in Lewis negative subjects","volume":"239","author":"Alexy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2015.01.025","article-title":"The effects of weight loss surgery on blood rheology in severely obese patients","volume":"11","author":"Wiewiora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e7090","article-title":"The role of blood viscosity in infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Sloop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2007.00561.x","article-title":"Effects of changing blood viscosity and heart rate on vena contracta width as evaluated by color Doppler flow mapping. An in vitro study with a pulsatile flow model","volume":"25","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.07.024","article-title":"New method of hematocrit correction of whole blood viscosity","volume":"57","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S.H., Kim, J.H., Lee, J.H., Yun, Y.-M., Choi, D.-H., and Kim, H.Y. (2017). Elevated blood viscosity is associated with cerebral small vessel disease in patients with acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0808-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht513","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction: An update","volume":"35","author":"Crea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, G.D., Harris, K., Koenig, W., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Thorand, B., Peters, A., Meisinger, C., Imhof, A., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., and Peters, S.A. (2023). Plasma viscosity, immunoglobulins and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: New data and meta-analyses. J. Clin. Pathol., 208223.","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208223"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Evaluation of whole blood viscosity in patients with aortic sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Duyuler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tehran Univ. Heart Cent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)02393-6","article-title":"Lowest hematocrit on bypass and adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"71","author":"DeFoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1191\/0267659102pf548oa","article-title":"High or low hematocrits during cardiopulmonary bypass for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery? An evidence-based approach to the question","volume":"17","author":"Groom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16115","article-title":"Higher hematocrit improves liver blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets","volume":"49","author":"Nollert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125002289","article-title":"The mechanistic relationships between hemorheological characteristics and cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Kensey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: From pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges","volume":"9","author":"Pantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.6264","article-title":"Contribution of fibrinogen and lipoproteins to plasma viscosity in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia: Evaluation by selective depletion of low-density lipoproteins or fibrinogen","volume":"49","author":"Otto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.018","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of therapeutic apheresis","volume":"14","author":"Ramunni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.08.004","article-title":"Blood viscosity in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment with versus without cerebral amyloid burden","volume":"23","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.015","article-title":"Analytical performance evaluation of the scanning capillary tube viscometer for measurement of whole blood viscosity","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0404-6","article-title":"Endothelial shear stress and blood viscosity in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-131760","article-title":"Increased whole blood viscosity is associated with silent cerebral infarction","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"43","article-title":"Importance of measurement temperature in detecting the alterations of red blood cell aggregation and deformability studied by ektacytometry: A study on experimental sepsis in rats","volume":"23","author":"Mat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv033","article-title":"Protective effects of corticosteroids in coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone or combined with valvular surgery: An updated and comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.11.026","article-title":"Effect of perioperative corticosteroid use on the incidence of postcardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation and length of stay","volume":"4","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.10.023","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"130","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3788","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration after coronary artery bypass surgery: Utilization persists despite the boxed warning","volume":"24","author":"Kulik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"689142","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract for patients with early diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310407","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4310407","article-title":"Preoperative low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis associated with increased heparin resistance frequency in on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"2019","author":"Saydam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/10\/1434\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:58:19Z","timestamp":1760129899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/13\/10\/1434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm13101434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13101434","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}