{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T07:39:35Z","timestamp":1763105975003,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Profesor N\u00f3voa Santos"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The velopalatine sphincter is a muscular valve that creates a hermetic seal between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx. It guarantees phonation, swallowing, and breathing (forces expirations). In wind musicians, sphincter closure must be precise during sound generation. Its failure will cause velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and the end of professional success. The objective of this article was to conduct a state-of-art review of VPI in wind musicians with a systematic approach based on the PRISMA Statement. The etiology, epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, and treatment of VPI in wind musicians were evaluated. The research was carried out in different databases (PubMed\/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scielo) and through the Mergullador metasearch engine. A total of 20 publications were selected. VPI is a pathology that affects around one-third of wind musicians according to studies. It causes pharyngeal noises and nasal air emissions during performance. The main etiology seems to be the fatigue of the velopalatine sphincter muscles. The most used diagnostic techniques consist of clinical history, physical examination, and nasofibroscopy. There is no consensus among authors about therapeutic management. Future investigations are necessary to confirm that fatigue of velopalatine sphincter muscles and other factors that increase it are the main causes of VPI in wind musicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13101477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T05:07:13Z","timestamp":1696828033000},"page":"1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Velopharyngeal Incompetence in Musicians: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Mata-Pose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mayo-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC), 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hospital San Rafael (HSR) de A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Chiesa-Estomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia\u2014Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Polyclinique de Poitiers, Elsan Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), 91190 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head & Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi A.","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1457-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Saibene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Calvo-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) Study Group, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, 15701 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Cabo-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC), 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Health Sciences Programme, International Center for Doctorate (EIDUDC), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC), 15001 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277717","article-title":"Types and Causes of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction","volume":"32","author":"Kummer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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