{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:01:17Z","timestamp":1785434477591,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global rise in the age of childbirth, influenced by changing sociodemographic patterns, has had a notable impact on fertility rates. Simultaneously, assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) have become increasingly prevalent due to advancements in reproductive medicine. The paper explores the intersection between the surge in ARTs and the rising number of iatrogenic autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD). Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, commonly known as progesterone hypersensitivity, manifests itself as a mucocutaneous hypersensitivity syndrome. It is characterized by a wide range of dermatological symptoms, with urticaria and maculopapular rashes being the most prominent signs. Concurrently, systemic symptoms, such as fever, angioedema, and, in severe instances, anaphylaxis, may ensue. This dermatologic condition poses a significant challenge to women of childbearing age. This intricate syndrome frequently manifests itself in conjunction with menstruation or pregnancy as a reaction to physiological fluctuations in endogenous progesterone. However, given that exposure to exogenous progesterone is an integral component of various modern therapies, secondary APD has also been described. Our findings unveil a heightened likelihood of developing secondary progesterone hypersensitivity in ART patients that is attributed to the administration of exogenous progesterone through intramuscular, intravaginal, and oral routes. The study also explores available therapeutic interventions for facilitating viable pregnancies in individuals grappling with autoimmune progesterone dermatitis within the context of ARTs. This comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights into the intricate relationship between reproductive technologies, dermatological challenges, and successful pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T07:50:48Z","timestamp":1704873048000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Progesterone Hypersensitivity in Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Implications for Safety and Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Florica","family":"Sandru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan-Cosmin","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cProf. Dr. Th. Burghele\u201d Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8757-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra-Maria","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des070","article-title":"Estimation of the frequency of involuntary infertility on a nation-wide basis","volume":"27","author":"Slama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.01.004","article-title":"Female reproductive ageing: Current knowledge and future trends","volume":"18","author":"Broekmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.02.015","article-title":"Trends in maternal age and the relationship between advanced age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A population-based register study in Wuhan, China, 2010\u20132017","volume":"206","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"281","article-title":"Association of Assisted Reproductive Technology with the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects: A 5-Year Retrospective Study\u2014Experience from a Tertiary Maternity Hospital in Bucharest","volume":"6","author":"Turenschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-0048","article-title":"Incidence of complications among in vitro fertilization pregnancies","volume":"16","author":"Tocariu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.09.011","article-title":"In vitro fertilization is associated with the onset and progression of preeclampsia","volume":"89","author":"Gui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marte Myhre, R., and Ritsa, S. (2019). Development of In Vitro Fertilization, a Very Important Part of Human Reproductive Medicine, in the Last 40 Years. Int. J. Womens Health Wellness, 5.","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-1353\/1510089"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.11.003","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: Update and insights","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e44776","article-title":"Progesterone Hypersensitivity Induced by Exogenous Progesterone Exposure","volume":"15","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12840","article-title":"A case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis characterized by grouped small vesicles","volume":"41","author":"Benar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14423","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis in the adolescent population","volume":"38","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.10.646","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis associated with infertility treatment","volume":"58","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12632","article-title":"Chronic urticaria due to autoreactivity to progesterone","volume":"40","author":"Rymer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"311","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifested as erythema annulare centrifugum: Confirmation of progesterone sensitivity by in vitro interferon-gamma release","volume":"47","author":"Halevy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009","DOI":"10.1097\/JW9.0000000000000009","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: A retrospective case series","volume":"8","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2019.09.008","article-title":"Catamenial dermatoses associated with autoimmune, inflammatory, and systemic diseases: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Zachary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"152","article-title":"Common Skin Conditions During Pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Erlandson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004938","article-title":"Recognizing, Diagnosing, and Managing Pregnancy Dermatoses","volume":"140","author":"Himeles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023S109","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.2023s109","article-title":"Update on specific dermatoses of pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Leite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2013.06.005","article-title":"Iatrogenic autoimmune progesterone dermatitis treated with a novel intramuscular progesterone desensitization protocol","volume":"1","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_116_17","article-title":"Progesterone hypersensitivity: A challenge for luteal support","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"183","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of exogenous progestogen hypersensitivity","volume":"37","author":"Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.03.003","article-title":"Progestogen Hypersensitivity in 24 Cases: Diagnosis, Management, and Proposed Renaming and Classification","volume":"4","author":"Foer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e9","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: Clinical presentation and management with progesterone desensitization for successful in vitro fertilization","volume":"95","author":"Sloane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475417752370","article-title":"Dermatological Manifestations in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilisation: A Prospective Study","volume":"22","author":"Sood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolatorova, L., Vitku, J., Suchopar, J., Hill, M., and Parizek, A. (2022). Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147989"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2016-0038","article-title":"Progesterone in normal and pathological pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Giardina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghupathy, R., and Szekeres-Bartho, J. (2022). Progesterone: A Unique Hormone with Immunomodulatory Roles in Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031333"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.11.022","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of luteal phase length and natural fertility","volume":"107","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przygrodzka, E., Plewes, M.R., and Davis, J.S. (2021). Luteinizing Hormone Regulation of Inter-Organelle Communication and Fate of the Corpus Luteum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189972"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-20-0044","article-title":"The inadequate corpus luteum","volume":"2","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00842.x","article-title":"REVIEW ARTICLE: Sex Hormone Regulation of Innate Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract: The Role of Epithelial Cells in Balancing Reproductive Potential with Protection against Sexually Transmitted Pathogens","volume":"63","author":"Wira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.35","article-title":"Progesterone-based compounds affect immune responses and susceptibility to infections at diverse mucosal sites","volume":"10","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGlade, E.A., Miyamoto, A., and Winuthayanon, W. (2022). Progesterone and Inflammatory Response in the Oviduct during Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071075"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motomura, K., Miller, D., Galaz, J., Liu, T.N., Romero, R., and Gomez-Lopez, N. (2023). The effects of progesterone on immune cellular function at the maternal-fetal interface and in maternal circulation. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106254"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.01.019","article-title":"Progestogen Hypersensitivity: Heterogeneous Manifestations with a Common Trigger","volume":"5","author":"Buchheit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e30116","article-title":"Recent Advancements in In Vitro Fertilisation","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2023, November 25). Fertility Treatment 2019, Trends and Figures|HFEA, Available online: https:\/\/www.hfea.gov.uk\/about-us\/publications\/research-and-data\/fertility-treatment-2019-trends-and-figures\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.05.019","article-title":"Luteal phase progesterone increases live birth rate after frozen embryo transfer","volume":"95","author":"Bjuresten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoham, G., Leong, M., and Weissman, A. (2021). A 10-year follow-up on the practice of luteal phase support using worldwide web-based surveys. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00696-2"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CD009154","article-title":"Luteal phase support for assisted reproduction cycles","volume":"2016","author":"Buckingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e137","article-title":"Regulation of trophoblast invasion: The role of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam078","article-title":"The effects of progesterone on apoptosis in the human trophoblast-derived HTR-8\/SV neo cells","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.11.041","article-title":"Exogenous progesterone hypersensitivity associated with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"6","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00500","article-title":"Luteal Phase Support in IVF: Comparison Between Evidence-Based Medicine and Real-Life Practices","volume":"11","author":"Midassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51717-5","article-title":"Effects of intramuscular and vaginal progesterone supplementation on frozen-thawed embryo transfer","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.05.001","article-title":"Weekly intramuscular progesterone for luteal phase support in women receiving oocyte donation is associated with a decreased miscarriage rate","volume":"39","author":"Delcour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"195","article-title":"Premenstrual syndrome and associated skin diseases related to hypersensitivity to female sex hormones","volume":"49","author":"Itsekson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.025","article-title":"Steroid hormone hypersensitivity: Clinical presentation and management","volume":"95","author":"Itsekson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmeri, N., Gennarelli, G., Vanni, V.S., Ferrari, S., Ruffa, A., Rovere-Querini, P., Pagliardini, L., Candiani, M., and Papaleo, E. (2023). Concomitant Autoimmunity in Endometriosis Impairs Endometrium\u2013Embryo Crosstalk at the Implantation Site: A Multicenter Case-Control Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103557"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13384","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13384","article-title":"Endometriosis with infertility: A comprehensive review on the role of immune deregulation and immunomodulation therapy","volume":"85","author":"Kolanska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13633","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13633","article-title":"The cytokine profiles in follicular fluid and reproductive outcomes in women with endometriosis","volume":"89","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35236-y","article-title":"Endometriosis increases the risk of gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis stratified by mode of conception, disease localization and severity","volume":"13","author":"Salmeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0758-x","article-title":"Progestogen Hypersensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.2.141","article-title":"A Case of Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis Misdiagnosed as Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.03.032","article-title":"Development of a progesterone-specific IgE assay for diagnosing patients with suspected progestogen hypersensitivity","volume":"122","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2010.499933","article-title":"Chronic urticaria and irregular menstrual cycle: A case report of effective therapy with oral contraception","volume":"23","author":"Zamlynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00286.x","article-title":"Corticosteroid or steroid allergy?","volume":"26","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939083","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.939083","article-title":"Whole course of treatment of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis that had spontaneously resolved during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00723.x","article-title":"Case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis presenting as fixed drug eruption","volume":"36","author":"Asai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12473","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis that changed its clinical manifestation from anaphylaxis to fixed drug eruption-like erythema","volume":"41","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5893","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.5893","article-title":"Depletion of CD8+ Cells Abolishes the Pregnancy Protective Effect of Progesterone Substitution with Dydrogesterone in Mice by Altering the Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Profile","volume":"172","author":"Blois","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0317","article-title":"Expression of membrane progesterone receptors on human T lymphocytes and Jurkat cells and activation of G-proteins by progesterone","volume":"196","author":"Dosiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01516.x","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis presenting with purpura and petechiae","volume":"29","author":"Wintzen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1977.01640040034003","article-title":"Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis","volume":"113","author":"Hart","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15180","article-title":"Case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis presenting as necrotic migratory erythema successfully controlled by danazol","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"203","article-title":"Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis: A Case Report","volume":"41","author":"Atalay","year":"2019","journal-title":"RBGO Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2011.00753.x","article-title":"A case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis diagnosed by progesterone pessary","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Progesterone hypersensitivity: Case report with favorable evolution","volume":"17","author":"Senila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2006.05045","article-title":"The Role of Intradermal Skin Testing and Patch Testing in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis","volume":"17","author":"Stranahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.09.002","article-title":"Challenges in skin testing for progestogen hypersensitivity","volume":"126","author":"Foer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"100","article-title":"Progestogen Hypersensitivity","volume":"126","author":"Chiarella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590902770164","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis diagnosed by intravaginal progesterone provocation in a hysterectomised woman","volume":"25","author":"Simics","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"276","article-title":"Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis Diagnosed by Lymphocyte Transformation Test and Progesterone Provocation Test","volume":"26","author":"Poljanac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12848","article-title":"The histopathologic features of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis","volume":"44","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4472.93991","article-title":"Severe thrombocytopenia and maculoerythematous rash associated with clomiphene citrate use","volume":"1","author":"Abuhasna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Anaesth. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62928-6","article-title":"Desensitization to urine-derived gonadotropins in a woman with secondary infertility","volume":"87","author":"Koh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"205","article-title":"Review of the safety, efficacy, costs and patient acceptability of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone for injection in assisting ovulation induction in infertile women","volume":"1","author":"Nahuis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2009.21.1.88","article-title":"The Photosensitivity Localized in a Vitiliginous Lesion Was Associated with the Intramuscular Injections of Synthetic Progesterone during an In Vitro Fertilization-embryo Transfer","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.09.002","article-title":"Prolonged luteal phase support with progesterone may increase papules and plaques of pregnancy frequency in pregnancies through in vitro fertilization","volume":"96","author":"Gurbuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2000.15.6.647","article-title":"Expression of progesterone receptor in human keratinocytes","volume":"15","author":"Im","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06856.x","article-title":"Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy: Clinicopathology and potential trigger factors in 181 patients","volume":"154","author":"Rudolph","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2006.09.007","article-title":"Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Brzoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.04.006","article-title":"Skin test reactivity to female sex hormones in women with primary unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"99","author":"Ellaithy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00461.x","article-title":"Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Inappropriate Local Immune Response to Sex Hormones","volume":"57","author":"Itsekson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.730582","article-title":"Intradermal sex hormone desensitization for relief of premenstrual symptoms may improve the obstetric outcome of women with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"29","author":"Itsekson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"241","article-title":"Iatrogenic autoimmune progesterone dermatitis caused by 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for preterm labor prevention","volume":"88","author":"Bandino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X18771255","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis following vaginal progesterone exposure in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Kanninen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20187290","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifesting as generalized fixed drug eruption","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i4.9896","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: Case report with history of urticaria, petechiae and palpable pinpoint purpura triggered by medical abortion","volume":"106","author":"Mbonile","year":"2016","journal-title":"South Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)01170-1","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to progesterone-in-oil after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer","volume":"80","author":"Phy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.12.023","article-title":"Pneumonitis and Eosinophilia After In Vitro Fertilization Treatment","volume":"47","author":"Veysman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2017.1404418","article-title":"Progesterone as a cause of eosinophilic pneumonia after in vitro fertilization","volume":"7","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201305-126CR","article-title":"Eosinophils. An Unexpected Delivery","volume":"10","author":"Richards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123250","article-title":"Advances in progesterone delivery systems: Still work in progress?","volume":"643","author":"Patil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4497-3","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis","volume":"296","author":"Detrixhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"356","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: Case report of an unexpected treatment reaction","volume":"58","author":"Sampaio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03217.x","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: Treatment with oophorectomy","volume":"35","author":"Medeiros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002537","article-title":"Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis Mistaken for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Drayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2016.10.010","article-title":"Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifesting as mucosal erythema multiforme in the setting of HIV infection","volume":"3","author":"Grunnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/1\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:43:28Z","timestamp":1760103808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/1\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14010079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14010079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}}}