{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:26:53Z","timestamp":1784723213513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"]}]},{"name":"Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs","award":["NIH UL1 TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH UL1 TR001857"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity","award":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity","award":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity","award":["NIH UL1 TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH UL1 TR001857"]}]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Center","award":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-2-0081 (PASA3)"]}]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Center","award":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH S10OD028483-01A1"]}]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Center","award":["NIH UL1 TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH UL1 TR001857"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prediction of high-risk events amongst patients with mental disorders is critical for personalized interventions. We developed DeepBiomarker2 by leveraging deep learning and natural language processing to analyze lab tests, medication use, diagnosis, social determinants of health (SDoH) parameters, and psychotherapy for outcome prediction. To increase the model\u2019s interpretability, we further refined our contribution analysis to identify key features by scaling with a factor from a reference feature. We applied DeepBiomarker2 to analyze the EMR data of 38,807 patients from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to determine their risk of developing alcohol and substance use disorder (ASUD). DeepBiomarker2 predicted whether a PTSD patient would have a diagnosis of ASUD within the following 3 months with an average c-statistic (receiver operating characteristic AUC) of 0.93 and average F1 score, precision, and recall of 0.880, 0.895, and 0.866 in the test sets, respectively. Our study found that the medications clindamycin, enalapril, penicillin, valacyclovir, Xarelto\/rivaroxaban, moxifloxacin, and atropine and the SDoH parameters access to psychotherapy, living in zip codes with a high normalized vegetative index, Gini index, and low-income segregation may have potential to reduce the risk of ASUDs in PTSD. In conclusion, the integration of SDoH information, coupled with the refined feature contribution analysis, empowers DeepBiomarker2 to accurately predict ASUD risk. Moreover, the model can further identify potential indicators of increased risk along with medications with beneficial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1705317301000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["DeepBiomarker2: Prediction of Alcohol and Substance Use Disorder Risk in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patients Using Electronic Medical Records and Multiple Social Determinants of Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Oshin","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiguang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8095-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Daniel","family":"Brannock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Kosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal David","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"Kirisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences\/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.652","article-title":"Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being","volume":"163","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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