{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1793504123879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection (HD) is a novel technique that has been found to be effective in providing mechanical release of perineural adhesions and decompression of the nerve, reducing inflammation and edema and restoring its physiological function. It has a significant impact on chronic neuropathic pain (20 \u00b1 4 weeks with VAS &lt; 5 or VAS diminished by 2 points after the procedure). Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment mononeuropathy, and its distribution is typically innervated by the median nerve. Patients with mild or moderate CTS may benefit from nonsurgical treatments or conservative therapies. This review was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Four investigators assessed each title, abstract, and full-text article for eligibility, with disagreements being resolved by consensus with two experienced investigators. The qualitative assessment of the studies was carried out using the modified Oxford quality scoring system, also known as the modified Jadad score. Furthermore, risk of possible biases was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration tool. The results of this review suggest that US-guided HD is an innovative, effective, well-tolerated, and safe technique (11 out of 923 patients had collateral or side effects after the procedure). However, further studies comparing all drugs and with a larger sample population are required to determine the most effective substance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Hydrodissection as a Minimally Invasive Treatment in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Sveva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annatonia","family":"Fai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Savina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia Giuseppe","family":"Viva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3169-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Megna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Mangone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Paoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bernetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Universit\u00e0 del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00432-X","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: Updated evidence and new questions","volume":"22","author":"Padua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.289","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome incidence in a general population","volume":"58","author":"Mondelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, K.H.S., Wu, Y.-T., Reeves, K.D., Galluccio, F., Allam, A.E.-S., and Peng, P.W.H. 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